NUR 280 PATHO EXAM ACTUAL EXAM 2 VERSIONS
(VERSION A AND B) WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS /ALREADY GRADED A+
5 major classes of organisms that can infect humans -CORRECT ANSWER 1. viruses
2. bacteria
3. fungi
4. protozoa
5. helminths
(Very Bad For People's Health)
Viruses once inside the cell have many harmful cellular effects... -CORRECT ANSWER
1. decrease host cell protein synthesis
2. viral antigens cause host immune system to attack the infected host cell
3. transform host cells into cancer cells
4. lysosome disruption produces cell lysis
5. cell fusion produces giant cells
6. promotes secondary bacterial infections
Viral Infections -CORRECT ANSWER requires the virus to bind to a specific receptor on
the plasma membrane of the host cell - specificity of the virus for certain receptors and
the distribution of these receptors throughout the host's tissues can dictate which host
cells a particular virus can infect
Bacteremia -CORRECT ANSWER presence of bacteria in the blood
Septicemia -CORRECT ANSWER presence and multiplication of bacteria in the blood
a serious, systemic, and life-threatening infection that gets worse very quickly and leads
to sepsis
Fungal Infections -CORRECT ANSWER also called mycoses - spreads through living
tissues, killing cells and absorbing nutrients
1. single-celled: yeasts, facultative anaerobes
2. multicellular: molds, aerobes
Dermatophytes -CORRECT ANSWER fungi that cause infection of the hair, skin, and
nails
(tineas, ringworm)
Protozoan Infections -CORRECT ANSWER abundant in soil and water
responsible for amoebic dysentery and malaria
,Helminth Infections (Parasitic Worms) -CORRECT ANSWER live inside their host -
typically cause weakness and discomfort, but do not themselves kill the host, it is
complications resulting from parasitic infection that prove fatal - malnutrition, chronic
bleeding, and secondary infections by bacterial or viral pathogens
Adenoviruses -CORRECT ANSWER childhood respiratory infections, eye infections
Aspergillus fumigatus -CORRECT ANSWER fungi - aspergillosis
Campylobacter jejuni -CORRECT ANSWER most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in
US
Candida albicans -CORRECT ANSWER fungi - thrush, vaginal yeast infections, systemic
infections
Clostridium botulinum -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - food-borne botulism (food
poisoning)
Clostridium tetani -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - tetanus
Enterococcus faecalis -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - wound infections
Epidermophyton, Trichophyton, Microsporum -CORRECT ANSWER 3 genera of fungi
that cause dermatophytoses (such as tinea capitis, tinea cruris, and tinea pedis)
Epstein-Barr -CORRECT ANSWER virus - infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt lymphoma
Escherichia coli -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - UTIs, neonatal meningitis,
gastroenteritis, food poisoning
Haemophilus influenzae -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - upper respiratory infection
Helicobacter pylori -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - most common chronic infection in
humans, gastric and peptic ulcers, acute infection causes abdominal pain, weight loss,
nausea and vominting
Hepatitis B virus -CORRECT ANSWER hepatitis
Herpes simplex virus -CORRECT ANSWER cold sores around mouth (HSV-1) or genital
herpes (HSV-2)
HIV-1 -CORRECT ANSWER AIDS
,Human papilloma virus -CORRECT ANSWER genital warts, cervical cancer
Influenza virus (A,B,C) -CORRECT ANSWER influenza
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8) -CORRECT ANSWER
Kaposi's sarcoma
Klebsiella pneumoniae -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - lung infections
Measles -CORRECT ANSWER virus - measles
Mumps -CORRECT ANSWER virus - mumps
Mycobacterium tuberculosis -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - tuberculosis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - gonorrhea
Neisseria meningitidis -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - meningococcal meningitis
Pneumocystis jiroveci -CORRECT ANSWER fungi - pneumonia
Polio -CORRECT ANSWER virus - polio
Pseudomonas aeruginosa -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - skin infections, wound
infections, burns - epitome of an opportunistic infection pathogen of humans (CF and
traumatic burns)
Respiratory Syncytial Virus -CORRECT ANSWER most common cause of bronchiolitis
and pneumonia in kids under 1 y/o
Rhinovirus -CORRECT ANSWER common cold
Rubella virus -CORRECT ANSWER German measles
Salmonella -CORRECT ANSWER bacterial diarrhea, salmonellosis
Shigella -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - watery or bloody diarrhea
Staphylococcus aureus -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - skin infections, wound
infections, burn infections; almost anywhere in the body - MRSA
, Staphylococcus epidermidis -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - otitis media, community
acquired lung infections and pneumonia, currently the leading cause of invasive
bacterial disease in children and the elderly
Group A streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes) -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria -
respiratory infections (strep throat, otitis pneumonia) and skin infections (impetigo,
cellulitis) - 95% of all strep throat cases in the US
Treponema pallidum -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - syphillis
Trichomonas vaginalis -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - trichomoniasis (vaginitis)
Varicella-Zoster -CORRECT ANSWER virus - shingles and chicken pox
Two types of bacterial toxins -CORRECT ANSWER endotoxin and exotoxin
Exotoxin -CORRECT ANSWER proteins (primarily enzymes) or peptides made by the
living organism which damage the plasma membranes of host cells or prevent
phagocytosis
- gram positive bacteria
- do not produce high fever
- antigenic (stimulate adaptive immune response)
- ex: Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholera
Endotoxin -CORRECT ANSWER part of the bacterial cell wall that is released upon death
of the cell
- gram negative bacteria
- activates inflammatory response and produces fever (pyrogenic response)
- does not elicit an adaptive immune response
- can result in endotoxic shock (septic shock)
- one cause of DIC
Mechanism of septic shock -CORRECT ANSWER - host macrophages secrete tumor
necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a is responsible for many of the manifestations of endotoxic
shock)
- primary result is capillaries become 'leaky' and fluid is lost from circulatory system
- BP drops
- organ failure may occur, followed be death
- even if the host survives, the leaky blood-brain barrier may allow pathogens to cross
over into the CNS
Countermeasures against pathogens: vaccines vs. antimicrobials -CORRECT ANSWER
Vaccines: prevent the pathogen from initiating disease
- viral vaccines contain live viruses that have been attenuated so that the immunogens
are still expressed, but only capable of causing a limited-easily controlled infection
(VERSION A AND B) WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS /ALREADY GRADED A+
5 major classes of organisms that can infect humans -CORRECT ANSWER 1. viruses
2. bacteria
3. fungi
4. protozoa
5. helminths
(Very Bad For People's Health)
Viruses once inside the cell have many harmful cellular effects... -CORRECT ANSWER
1. decrease host cell protein synthesis
2. viral antigens cause host immune system to attack the infected host cell
3. transform host cells into cancer cells
4. lysosome disruption produces cell lysis
5. cell fusion produces giant cells
6. promotes secondary bacterial infections
Viral Infections -CORRECT ANSWER requires the virus to bind to a specific receptor on
the plasma membrane of the host cell - specificity of the virus for certain receptors and
the distribution of these receptors throughout the host's tissues can dictate which host
cells a particular virus can infect
Bacteremia -CORRECT ANSWER presence of bacteria in the blood
Septicemia -CORRECT ANSWER presence and multiplication of bacteria in the blood
a serious, systemic, and life-threatening infection that gets worse very quickly and leads
to sepsis
Fungal Infections -CORRECT ANSWER also called mycoses - spreads through living
tissues, killing cells and absorbing nutrients
1. single-celled: yeasts, facultative anaerobes
2. multicellular: molds, aerobes
Dermatophytes -CORRECT ANSWER fungi that cause infection of the hair, skin, and
nails
(tineas, ringworm)
Protozoan Infections -CORRECT ANSWER abundant in soil and water
responsible for amoebic dysentery and malaria
,Helminth Infections (Parasitic Worms) -CORRECT ANSWER live inside their host -
typically cause weakness and discomfort, but do not themselves kill the host, it is
complications resulting from parasitic infection that prove fatal - malnutrition, chronic
bleeding, and secondary infections by bacterial or viral pathogens
Adenoviruses -CORRECT ANSWER childhood respiratory infections, eye infections
Aspergillus fumigatus -CORRECT ANSWER fungi - aspergillosis
Campylobacter jejuni -CORRECT ANSWER most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in
US
Candida albicans -CORRECT ANSWER fungi - thrush, vaginal yeast infections, systemic
infections
Clostridium botulinum -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - food-borne botulism (food
poisoning)
Clostridium tetani -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - tetanus
Enterococcus faecalis -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - wound infections
Epidermophyton, Trichophyton, Microsporum -CORRECT ANSWER 3 genera of fungi
that cause dermatophytoses (such as tinea capitis, tinea cruris, and tinea pedis)
Epstein-Barr -CORRECT ANSWER virus - infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt lymphoma
Escherichia coli -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - UTIs, neonatal meningitis,
gastroenteritis, food poisoning
Haemophilus influenzae -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - upper respiratory infection
Helicobacter pylori -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - most common chronic infection in
humans, gastric and peptic ulcers, acute infection causes abdominal pain, weight loss,
nausea and vominting
Hepatitis B virus -CORRECT ANSWER hepatitis
Herpes simplex virus -CORRECT ANSWER cold sores around mouth (HSV-1) or genital
herpes (HSV-2)
HIV-1 -CORRECT ANSWER AIDS
,Human papilloma virus -CORRECT ANSWER genital warts, cervical cancer
Influenza virus (A,B,C) -CORRECT ANSWER influenza
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8) -CORRECT ANSWER
Kaposi's sarcoma
Klebsiella pneumoniae -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - lung infections
Measles -CORRECT ANSWER virus - measles
Mumps -CORRECT ANSWER virus - mumps
Mycobacterium tuberculosis -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - tuberculosis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - gonorrhea
Neisseria meningitidis -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - meningococcal meningitis
Pneumocystis jiroveci -CORRECT ANSWER fungi - pneumonia
Polio -CORRECT ANSWER virus - polio
Pseudomonas aeruginosa -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - skin infections, wound
infections, burns - epitome of an opportunistic infection pathogen of humans (CF and
traumatic burns)
Respiratory Syncytial Virus -CORRECT ANSWER most common cause of bronchiolitis
and pneumonia in kids under 1 y/o
Rhinovirus -CORRECT ANSWER common cold
Rubella virus -CORRECT ANSWER German measles
Salmonella -CORRECT ANSWER bacterial diarrhea, salmonellosis
Shigella -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - watery or bloody diarrhea
Staphylococcus aureus -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - skin infections, wound
infections, burn infections; almost anywhere in the body - MRSA
, Staphylococcus epidermidis -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - otitis media, community
acquired lung infections and pneumonia, currently the leading cause of invasive
bacterial disease in children and the elderly
Group A streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes) -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria -
respiratory infections (strep throat, otitis pneumonia) and skin infections (impetigo,
cellulitis) - 95% of all strep throat cases in the US
Treponema pallidum -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - syphillis
Trichomonas vaginalis -CORRECT ANSWER bacteria - trichomoniasis (vaginitis)
Varicella-Zoster -CORRECT ANSWER virus - shingles and chicken pox
Two types of bacterial toxins -CORRECT ANSWER endotoxin and exotoxin
Exotoxin -CORRECT ANSWER proteins (primarily enzymes) or peptides made by the
living organism which damage the plasma membranes of host cells or prevent
phagocytosis
- gram positive bacteria
- do not produce high fever
- antigenic (stimulate adaptive immune response)
- ex: Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholera
Endotoxin -CORRECT ANSWER part of the bacterial cell wall that is released upon death
of the cell
- gram negative bacteria
- activates inflammatory response and produces fever (pyrogenic response)
- does not elicit an adaptive immune response
- can result in endotoxic shock (septic shock)
- one cause of DIC
Mechanism of septic shock -CORRECT ANSWER - host macrophages secrete tumor
necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a is responsible for many of the manifestations of endotoxic
shock)
- primary result is capillaries become 'leaky' and fluid is lost from circulatory system
- BP drops
- organ failure may occur, followed be death
- even if the host survives, the leaky blood-brain barrier may allow pathogens to cross
over into the CNS
Countermeasures against pathogens: vaccines vs. antimicrobials -CORRECT ANSWER
Vaccines: prevent the pathogen from initiating disease
- viral vaccines contain live viruses that have been attenuated so that the immunogens
are still expressed, but only capable of causing a limited-easily controlled infection
