WGU C208 EXAM SCRIPT 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔scientific management - ✔✔The principles or practice of Frederick Taylor's
management theory based on time-and-motion studies to eliminate wasted movements
and improve labor productivity.
✔✔bottom-up change - ✔✔A change that is initiated within the lower levels of an
organization and are pushed up to organization leaders.
✔✔Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) - ✔✔A set of measures that an organization uses
to gauge performance against strategic and operational goals.
✔✔systems thinking - ✔✔A framework for understanding how things work which
focuses on on the whole rather than isolated forces.
✔✔learning organization - ✔✔Peter Senge's description of an organization that acquires
knowledge and innovates so it can succeed in a volatile environment.
✔✔addiction loop - ✔✔Peter Senge's description of an archetype where short term
actions to address problems can hamper the ability to take positive action in the future,
which he refers to as shifting the burden
✔✔mental model - ✔✔A psychological representation of real, hypothetical, or imaginary
situations in a person's thinking
✔✔mental maps - ✔✔Mental representations of information about people, places, and
environments. Also called cognitive maps
✔✔Discussion 66 - ✔✔A technique that helps larger groups to brainstorm more
effectively through subgroups.
✔✔divergent thinking - ✔✔The explicit attempt to put dominant ideas or conventional
wisdom to the side and focus on generating alternatives without immediate evaluation.
✔✔incremental innovation - ✔✔Innovation that builds upon existing knowledge and
resources within a given company, which can be seen as an exercise in problem-
solving. (Davlia, Epstein, Shelton)
✔✔Diffusion of Innovation Theory - ✔✔A model developed by Everett Rogers that
seeks to analyze why and how innovations gain popularity.
✔✔idea champion - ✔✔An individual who recognizes value of an innovative idea and
lends organizational authority and resources to develop and execute innovation.
, ✔✔anonymous idea generation - ✔✔A technique that keeps anonymous the identity of
members of a group who originate individual ideas.
✔✔groupthink - ✔✔The practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way
that discourages creativity or individual responsibility.
✔✔SCAMPER - ✔✔A technique developed by Bob Eberle that can be useful for
thinking about improving existing products or services.
✔✔brainstorming - ✔✔A creativity technique that looks to generate ideas or solve a
problem by holding a spontaneous group discussion.
✔✔braindrawing - ✔✔A variation on brainstorming that employs drawing or doodling to
generate ideas.
✔✔idea incubator - ✔✔An in-house program or center shielded from corporate
bureaucracy and interference that is meant to engage in futuristic thinking and to
develop new ideas.
✔✔innovation - ✔✔The process by which an organization generates new ideas and
converts them into new products, business practices, and strategies that create value.
✔✔open innovation - ✔✔when organizations pursue both external and internal ideas
and innovate and collaborate with partners by sharing risk and reward.
✔✔semi-radical innovation - ✔✔Innovation that involves a substantial change to either
the business model or technology of an organization, but not to both. (Davlia, Epstein,
Shelton)
✔✔Nominal Group Technique - ✔✔A technique for generating creative thinking by a
group that involves iterative idea generation
✔✔new venture team - ✔✔A unit that is separate from the main organization enterprise
and is tasked with developing and executing a significant innovation.
✔✔skunk works - ✔✔A place designed to encourage the employees of large
organizations to generate original ideas and innovation. Lockheed created the first
skunk works.
✔✔Abilene Paradox - ✔✔When a group reaches a decision that few, if any, of the
members would have chosen themselves.
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔scientific management - ✔✔The principles or practice of Frederick Taylor's
management theory based on time-and-motion studies to eliminate wasted movements
and improve labor productivity.
✔✔bottom-up change - ✔✔A change that is initiated within the lower levels of an
organization and are pushed up to organization leaders.
✔✔Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) - ✔✔A set of measures that an organization uses
to gauge performance against strategic and operational goals.
✔✔systems thinking - ✔✔A framework for understanding how things work which
focuses on on the whole rather than isolated forces.
✔✔learning organization - ✔✔Peter Senge's description of an organization that acquires
knowledge and innovates so it can succeed in a volatile environment.
✔✔addiction loop - ✔✔Peter Senge's description of an archetype where short term
actions to address problems can hamper the ability to take positive action in the future,
which he refers to as shifting the burden
✔✔mental model - ✔✔A psychological representation of real, hypothetical, or imaginary
situations in a person's thinking
✔✔mental maps - ✔✔Mental representations of information about people, places, and
environments. Also called cognitive maps
✔✔Discussion 66 - ✔✔A technique that helps larger groups to brainstorm more
effectively through subgroups.
✔✔divergent thinking - ✔✔The explicit attempt to put dominant ideas or conventional
wisdom to the side and focus on generating alternatives without immediate evaluation.
✔✔incremental innovation - ✔✔Innovation that builds upon existing knowledge and
resources within a given company, which can be seen as an exercise in problem-
solving. (Davlia, Epstein, Shelton)
✔✔Diffusion of Innovation Theory - ✔✔A model developed by Everett Rogers that
seeks to analyze why and how innovations gain popularity.
✔✔idea champion - ✔✔An individual who recognizes value of an innovative idea and
lends organizational authority and resources to develop and execute innovation.
, ✔✔anonymous idea generation - ✔✔A technique that keeps anonymous the identity of
members of a group who originate individual ideas.
✔✔groupthink - ✔✔The practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way
that discourages creativity or individual responsibility.
✔✔SCAMPER - ✔✔A technique developed by Bob Eberle that can be useful for
thinking about improving existing products or services.
✔✔brainstorming - ✔✔A creativity technique that looks to generate ideas or solve a
problem by holding a spontaneous group discussion.
✔✔braindrawing - ✔✔A variation on brainstorming that employs drawing or doodling to
generate ideas.
✔✔idea incubator - ✔✔An in-house program or center shielded from corporate
bureaucracy and interference that is meant to engage in futuristic thinking and to
develop new ideas.
✔✔innovation - ✔✔The process by which an organization generates new ideas and
converts them into new products, business practices, and strategies that create value.
✔✔open innovation - ✔✔when organizations pursue both external and internal ideas
and innovate and collaborate with partners by sharing risk and reward.
✔✔semi-radical innovation - ✔✔Innovation that involves a substantial change to either
the business model or technology of an organization, but not to both. (Davlia, Epstein,
Shelton)
✔✔Nominal Group Technique - ✔✔A technique for generating creative thinking by a
group that involves iterative idea generation
✔✔new venture team - ✔✔A unit that is separate from the main organization enterprise
and is tasked with developing and executing a significant innovation.
✔✔skunk works - ✔✔A place designed to encourage the employees of large
organizations to generate original ideas and innovation. Lockheed created the first
skunk works.
✔✔Abilene Paradox - ✔✔When a group reaches a decision that few, if any, of the
members would have chosen themselves.
