BIOLOGY 109 EXAM 1 (CH 1-4) STUDY
GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Primary Structure - ANSWER-Amino acid sequence and
stabilized by peptide bonds
Secondary Structure - ANSWER-Alpha Helix, Beta pleated sheets, stabilized by
hydrogen bonds
Tertiary Structure - ANSWER-3-D Shape, stabilized by disulfide and hydrogen
bonds, and creates polar and non polar areas in molecules
Quarternary Structure - ANSWER-2 or more polypeptide chains are associated
Denaturation - ANSWER-Permanence disruption of protein structure by temp and
pH, leads to loss of biological function
Biological Catalysts - ANSWER-Speed up chemical reactions and are not altered or
consumed by the reaction
Nucleic Acids - ANSWER-Store genetic information in 2 types
DNA - ANSWER-deoxyribonucleic acid, double stranded, instructions for making
RNA
RNA - ANSWER-ribonucleic acid, single stranded, instructions for making protein
Nucleotides - ANSWER-Nucleic acids that are made up of long chains containing
subunits
DNA--->RNA--->Protein - ANSWER-
Organic Molecule - ANSWER-Molecules that contain carbon and tiger elements held
together by covalent bonds
Nobel Prize winner for DNA double helix - ANSWER-Watson and Crick
Bases of DNA - ANSWER-Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
Bases for RNA - ANSWER-Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
Nucleus - ANSWER-Contains the genetic info controls the cell, has a double-layered
nuclear membrane, nuclear pores, chromosomes/chromatin, nucleolus
Cytosol - ANSWER-Cell fluid, found in cytoplasm, inside the cell
Plasma Membrane - ANSWER-Boundary of cell, controls what enters and leaves the
cell, fragile, flexible, thin, composed of phospholipids and proteins
, Nucleolus - ANSWER-Region of RNA synthesis within the nucleus
Ribosomes - ANSWER-Particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein, function to
carry out protein synthesis, assembled in nucleus, function in cytosol, free or bound
Free Ribosomes - ANSWER-Make proteins typically used in the cell
Bound Ribosomes - ANSWER-Attached to membrane (ER) and make proteins for
export
Ionic Bond - ANSWER-An electrically charged atom or molecule, middle strongest
Hydrogen Bond - ANSWER-Forms between polar molecules, unequal sharing of
electrons, weak attraction between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules
5 Properties of Water - ANSWER-1. Cohesion
2. Water has a high heat capacity
3. Water is less dense than ice
4. Water is a solvent
5. Dissociation of water molecules
pH scale - ANSWER-Measures hydrogen ion concentration in solution
pH range - ANSWER-Acid= pH<7
Base= pH>7
Neutral= pH=7
Function of a Buffer - ANSWER--Minimize pH change
-Help maintain stable pH in body fluids
-Carbonic acid and bicarbonate acts as one of the body's most important buffer pairs
Hydrolysis Reaction - ANSWER-Adds the equivalent of a water molecule to break
apart macromolecules and releases energy which is the opposite of dehydration
synthesis
Dehydration Synthesis - ANSWER-Removes equivalent of a water molecule to link
molecular units, requires energy, build macromolecules from smaller subunits,
opposite of hydrolysis
4 Basic Macromolecules - ANSWER-Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates - ANSWER-Used for energy and structural support
Monosaccharides - ANSWER-Simple Sugars
Disaccharides - ANSWER-2 Monosaccharides linked together
GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Primary Structure - ANSWER-Amino acid sequence and
stabilized by peptide bonds
Secondary Structure - ANSWER-Alpha Helix, Beta pleated sheets, stabilized by
hydrogen bonds
Tertiary Structure - ANSWER-3-D Shape, stabilized by disulfide and hydrogen
bonds, and creates polar and non polar areas in molecules
Quarternary Structure - ANSWER-2 or more polypeptide chains are associated
Denaturation - ANSWER-Permanence disruption of protein structure by temp and
pH, leads to loss of biological function
Biological Catalysts - ANSWER-Speed up chemical reactions and are not altered or
consumed by the reaction
Nucleic Acids - ANSWER-Store genetic information in 2 types
DNA - ANSWER-deoxyribonucleic acid, double stranded, instructions for making
RNA
RNA - ANSWER-ribonucleic acid, single stranded, instructions for making protein
Nucleotides - ANSWER-Nucleic acids that are made up of long chains containing
subunits
DNA--->RNA--->Protein - ANSWER-
Organic Molecule - ANSWER-Molecules that contain carbon and tiger elements held
together by covalent bonds
Nobel Prize winner for DNA double helix - ANSWER-Watson and Crick
Bases of DNA - ANSWER-Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
Bases for RNA - ANSWER-Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
Nucleus - ANSWER-Contains the genetic info controls the cell, has a double-layered
nuclear membrane, nuclear pores, chromosomes/chromatin, nucleolus
Cytosol - ANSWER-Cell fluid, found in cytoplasm, inside the cell
Plasma Membrane - ANSWER-Boundary of cell, controls what enters and leaves the
cell, fragile, flexible, thin, composed of phospholipids and proteins
, Nucleolus - ANSWER-Region of RNA synthesis within the nucleus
Ribosomes - ANSWER-Particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein, function to
carry out protein synthesis, assembled in nucleus, function in cytosol, free or bound
Free Ribosomes - ANSWER-Make proteins typically used in the cell
Bound Ribosomes - ANSWER-Attached to membrane (ER) and make proteins for
export
Ionic Bond - ANSWER-An electrically charged atom or molecule, middle strongest
Hydrogen Bond - ANSWER-Forms between polar molecules, unequal sharing of
electrons, weak attraction between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules
5 Properties of Water - ANSWER-1. Cohesion
2. Water has a high heat capacity
3. Water is less dense than ice
4. Water is a solvent
5. Dissociation of water molecules
pH scale - ANSWER-Measures hydrogen ion concentration in solution
pH range - ANSWER-Acid= pH<7
Base= pH>7
Neutral= pH=7
Function of a Buffer - ANSWER--Minimize pH change
-Help maintain stable pH in body fluids
-Carbonic acid and bicarbonate acts as one of the body's most important buffer pairs
Hydrolysis Reaction - ANSWER-Adds the equivalent of a water molecule to break
apart macromolecules and releases energy which is the opposite of dehydration
synthesis
Dehydration Synthesis - ANSWER-Removes equivalent of a water molecule to link
molecular units, requires energy, build macromolecules from smaller subunits,
opposite of hydrolysis
4 Basic Macromolecules - ANSWER-Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates - ANSWER-Used for energy and structural support
Monosaccharides - ANSWER-Simple Sugars
Disaccharides - ANSWER-2 Monosaccharides linked together
