AQA A-LEVEL BIOLOGY CHEAT SHEET
, CELL STRUCTURE - EUKARYOTES
• Cell membrane – regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum – ribosomes on the surface synthesize proteins. Folds and processes proteins ma
ribosomes
• Chloroplasts – (double membrane bound organelle) site of photosynthesis (contain 70S ribosomes and circular
PLANTS
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – synthesizes and processes lipids
• Cell wall – supports and strengthens cells (cellulose)
• Nucleolus – production of ribosomes
• Nucleus – holds genetic information/DNA codes for polypeptides and controls DNA transcription + DNA (linear
contains chromosomes bound by histones)
• Ribosomes – synthesize proteins, site of translation of mRNA – ALWAYS 80S
• Golgi apparatus – processes, modifies and packages proteins and lipids, transported + released out of cell in Go
• Golgi vesicles – fuse with cell membrane to release proteins via exocytosis
• Vacuole – contains cell sap, maintaining pressure inside the cell, keeping it turgid & membrane made of tonopl
• Mitochondria – (double membrane bound organelle) site of aerobic respiration + produces ATP energy (e.g., fo
synthesis (translation))
• Lysosomes – contain hydrolytic enzymes (lysozymes) which digest cells/pathogens by fusing to phagocytic vac
, CELL STRUCTURE - EUKARYOTES
• Cell membrane – regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum – ribosomes on the surface synthesize proteins. Folds and processes proteins ma
ribosomes
• Chloroplasts – (double membrane bound organelle) site of photosynthesis (contain 70S ribosomes and circular
PLANTS
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – synthesizes and processes lipids
• Cell wall – supports and strengthens cells (cellulose)
• Nucleolus – production of ribosomes
• Nucleus – holds genetic information/DNA codes for polypeptides and controls DNA transcription + DNA (linear
contains chromosomes bound by histones)
• Ribosomes – synthesize proteins, site of translation of mRNA – ALWAYS 80S
• Golgi apparatus – processes, modifies and packages proteins and lipids, transported + released out of cell in Go
• Golgi vesicles – fuse with cell membrane to release proteins via exocytosis
• Vacuole – contains cell sap, maintaining pressure inside the cell, keeping it turgid & membrane made of tonopl
• Mitochondria – (double membrane bound organelle) site of aerobic respiration + produces ATP energy (e.g., fo
synthesis (translation))
• Lysosomes – contain hydrolytic enzymes (lysozymes) which digest cells/pathogens by fusing to phagocytic vac
