HESI A2 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS

HESI A2 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS "Blood travels through the heart - CORRECT ANSWER body, superior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, B/L pulmonary arteries, lungs, (oxygenated now) pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valves, ascending aorta, systemic circulation" "pericardial cavity - CORRECT ANSWER contains the heart, filled with serous fluid made by pericardium (lining of pericardial cavity)" "3 layers of the heart - CORRECT ANSWER epicardium, myocardium, endocardium" "epicardium - CORRECT ANSWER outermost layer of the heart, connective tissue" "Myocardium - CORRECT ANSWER muscular, middle layer of the heart. Performs pumping function, made of cardiac muscular tissue" "endocardium - CORRECT ANSWER Inner layer of the heart, smooth, keeps blood from sticking" "4 chambers of the heart - CORRECT ANSWER right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle" "atrium - CORRECT ANSWER Each of the two upper chambers of the heart that receives blood that comes into the heart" "brachiocephalic artery - CORRECT ANSWER supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck" "left common carotid artery - CORRECT ANSWER supplies left side of head and neck" "left subclavian artery - CORRECT ANSWER supplies blood to the left arm" "descending aorta - CORRECT ANSWER the descending part of the aorta that branches into the thoracic and abdominal aorta" "iliac arteries - CORRECT ANSWER descending aorta splits into this at L4-bring blood to pelvis and legs" "Veins - CORRECT ANSWER carry blood to the heart-deoxygenated" "Venules - CORRECT ANSWER small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins" "superior vena cava - CORRECT ANSWER ascends from R atrium, delivers blood to head and neck" "inferior vena cava - CORRECT ANSWER descends from R atrium, delivers blood to lx veins, gonadal veins, hepatic veins, phrenic veins, and renal veins." "blood - CORRECT ANSWER Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets." "Erythrocytes - CORRECT ANSWER made in red bone marrow and transport oxygen" "Hemoglobin - CORRECT ANSWER iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells" "Leukocytes - CORRECT ANSWER white blood cells" "Thrombocytes - CORRECT ANSWER platelets; blood clotting" "Plasma - CORRECT ANSWER Liquid part of blood-55% of total blood volume. 90% water" "respiratory system - CORRECT ANSWER Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide." "upper respiratory tract - CORRECT ANSWER consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx" "Nasal cavity function - CORRECT ANSWER warms, moistens, and filters air" "olfactory membrane - CORRECT ANSWER 10 million to 20 million receptor cells embedded" "throat - CORRECT ANSWER pharynx; smooth, muscular, lined w/mucus and has 3 regions: nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx" "Lungs - CORRECT ANSWER surrounded by Pleura: double layer membrane made of Parietal Pleura and Visceral Pleura between those 2 layers is hollow space called pleural cavity (allows for lungs to expand)" "muscles that play major role in respiration - CORRECT ANSWER diaphragm and intercostal muscles" "eupnea - CORRECT ANSWER normal breathing" "skeletal system - CORRECT ANSWER Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints" "long bones - CORRECT ANSWER longer than they are wide divided: Epiphyses (ends of bone) Diaphysis (located in middle)-has hollow medullary cavity, stores bone marrow" "short bones - CORRECT ANSWER long as they are wide cube or round shaped carpals and tarsals" "flat bones - CORRECT ANSWER no medullary cavity due to thin nature rivs, hip bones, frontal, parietal, and occipital bones of skull." "irregular bones - CORRECT ANSWER bones of the vertebrae and sacrum" "sesamoid bones - CORRECT ANSWER patella or pisiform bone formed inside tendons and located across the joints." "skull - CORRECT ANSWER 22 bones (8 cranial, 14 facial) only 1 movable joint: mandible (jaw bone)" "Crainum - CORRECT ANSWER skull that protects the brain" "hyoid bone - CORRECT ANSWER keeps the trachea open and anchors the tongue muscles not attached to any other bone" "Ribs - CORRECT ANSWER The bones in the chest that protect the heart and lungs. 12 pair" "True ribs (1-7) - CORRECT ANSWER have a direct attachment to the sternum via cartilage" "false ribs (8-12) - CORRECT ANSWER ribs that do not have a direct attachment to the sternum" "Axial skeleton includes - CORRECT ANSWER skull, vertebral column, rib cage" "Ulna - CORRECT ANSWER Inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger." "radius bone - CORRECT ANSWER smaller bone in the forearm (lower arm) on the same side as the thumb" "Tibia - CORRECT ANSWER the medial and larger bone of the lower leg" "Fibula - CORRECT ANSWER The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg" "Talus - CORRECT ANSWER ankle bone" "Joints (articulations) - CORRECT ANSWER synovial fibrous cartilaginous" "synovial joints - CORRECT ANSWER created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions" "central nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER brain and spinal cord; responsible for processing and storing info issues commands" "peripheral nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER responsible for gathering info transporting it to CNS then transporting commands from CNS to organs" "Neurons - CORRECT ANSWER a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system" "Soma - CORRECT ANSWER body of the neuron" "Dendrites - CORRECT ANSWER small tree like, branch off from soma. carry info to soma, and sometimes away from it." "arachnoid mater - CORRECT ANSWER weblike middle layer of the three meninges" "pia mater - CORRECT ANSWER Innermost layer of the meninges provides sustenance separated from arachnoid mater by subarachnoid space" "spinal nerves - CORRECT ANSWER 31 pairs 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal" "cranial nerves - CORRECT ANSWER 12 pairs" "Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System - CORRECT ANSWER somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system" "Stomach divided into 4 regions - CORRECT ANSWER cardia, fundus, body, pylorus" "cardia of stomach - CORRECT ANSWER where esophagus contacts medial surface of stomach, near heart" "fundus of stomach - CORRECT ANSWER The top portion of the stomach; has no acid producing cells" "pylorus of stomach - CORRECT ANSWER narrowed bottom part of stomach" "mucosa of stomach - CORRECT ANSWER smooth muscle contains membrane that secretes hydrochloric acid" "Submucosa - CORRECT ANSWER made of connective tissue contains nerves and blood vessels" "Muscularis - CORRECT ANSWER enables movement of stomach made of 3 layers of smooth muscle" "Serosa - CORRECT ANSWER outermost later, secretes serous fluid that keeps stomach wet and reduces friction b/w surrounding organs" "small intestine - CORRECT ANSWER The part of the digestive system in which most chemical digestion takes place. duodenum, jejunum, ileum 22 feet long" "duodenum - CORRECT ANSWER rec. food and chemicals" "jejunum - CORRECT ANSWER where most nutrients are absorbed into blood" "ileum - CORRECT ANSWER where rest of nutrients are absorbed" "liver (digestive system) - CORRECT ANSWER produces bile (aids in the digestion of fats) bile then goes to gallbladder underneath diaphragm, largest organ in body." "Gallbladder in digestion - CORRECT ANSWER stores and releases bile" "pancreas (digestion) - CORRECT ANSWER production of enzymes (secretes insulin and glucagon, control blood sugar)" "large intestine - CORRECT ANSWER no digestion takes place absorbs water and leftover vitamins carries waste to rectum" "immune system - CORRECT ANSWER The cells and tissues that recognize and attack foreign substances in the body" "Pathogens - CORRECT ANSWER disease causing agents (viruses, bacteria, and fungi)" "innate immune system - CORRECT ANSWER Nonspecific response; Nonspecific barriers that impede pathogens from entering the body or multiplying; Internal and external barriers (skin, cilia, tears, mucus, saliva) Inflammation can occur due to histamines being released at site of injury, thus raising temp and blood flow. fever is innate" "adaptive immune system - CORRECT ANSWER targets pathogens based on their antigens-substances that exist on the surface of pathenogenic cells." "types of lymphocytes - CORRECT ANSWER T cells and B cells" "T cells - CORRECT ANSWER t cells go to phagocyte membrane and rapidly divide and form different kinds of T cells to perform functions" "Helper T cells (Th cells) - CORRECT ANSWER activated to seek out and bind to the antigen. known as coordinators of immune response due to their ability to stimulate 2 different kinds of immune responses." "Cytotoxic T cells - CORRECT ANSWER stimulated by helper T cells; actively destroy infected cells in a cell-mediated response" "B cells - CORRECT ANSWER stimulated by helper T cells, Trigger antibody mediated response 2 types of B Cells: plasma cells and memory cells" "plasma cells - CORRECT ANSWER B CELL: produce antibodies that neutralize and stimulate phagocytes to ingest the entire structure" "memory cells - CORRECT ANSWER B CELL: they then store info for producing the antibody and are quickly sprung into action if the antigen comes back." "Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) - CORRECT ANSWER granulocytes and agranulocytes" "granular leukocytes - CORRECT ANSWER (innate) neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils" "agranular leukocytes - CORRECT ANSWER lymphocytes fight off viral infections and monocytes which remove pathogens and dead cells from wounds" Which structure transports urine from the kidney to the bladder? - CORRECT ANSWER Ureter" "What is the functional unit of the kidney? - CORRECT ANSWER Nephron" "The nervous system is divided into two parts, namely ___________ and ____________. - CORRECT ANSWER The central nervous system and peripheral nervous system" "The specialized junction from which nerve impulses pass from one neuron to the next is called a _______________________. - CORRECT ANSWER Synapse" "The pectoralis major pulls the arm towards the midline. This movement is called _________. - CORRECT ANSWER Adduction" "What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction? - CORRECT ANSWER Calcium binds to troponin and leads to the uncovering of the active site of actin" "Which type of bone has a diaphysis and two epiphyses? - CORRECT ANSWER Long bone" "Which of the following is not found in the vertebral column? - CORRECT ANSWER Vomer" "Which of the following correctly describes the function of luteinizing hormone? - CORRECT ANSWER It stimulates the production of testosterone in males" "Which of the following statements is incorrect about estrogen? - CORRECT ANSWER It stimulates ovulation" "Which of the following is a function of a neutrophil? - CORRECT ANSWER Phagocytosis of bacteria" "Which of the following structure-function is incorrectly paired? - CORRECT ANSWER Yellow bone marrow—Production of platelets" "The bolus is formed in which part of the digestive system? - CORRECT ANSWER Oral cavity" "Which of the following correctly describes chyme? - CORRECT ANSWER Partially digested food mixed with gastric juice" "What is the function of the small intestine? - CORRECT ANSWER Absorption of nutrients" "Which structure in the eye is responsible for color vision? - CORRECT ANSWER Cones" "Which structure controls the activity of the endocrine system? - CORRECT ANSWER Hypothalamus" "Which of the following glands is correctly paired with its hormone? - CORRECT ANSWER Pancreas-Glucagon" "Which plane divides the body into left and right sides? - CORRECT ANSWER Sagittal" "The tibia is _______ to the femur. - CORRECT ANSWER Distal" "The left atrium receives blood from the ______. - CORRECT ANSWER Pulmonary vein" "What does the EKG do? - CORRECT ANSWER Records electrical activity of the heart" "Where does erythropoiesis take place? - CORRECT ANSWER Red bone marrow" "Which tissue has multinucleated striated cylindrical fibers and moves the body under voluntary control? - CORRECT ANSWER Skeletal muscle" "Which is the most abundant nervous tissue? - CORRECT ANSWER Neuroglia" “A Tissue is - CORRECT ANSWER Group of cells that act together to perform specific functions" "4 tissues of the human body - CORRECT ANSWER epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous" "epithelial cells - CORRECT ANSWER skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs" "connective tissue - CORRECT ANSWER provides support for your body and connects all its parts" "circulatory system function - CORRECT ANSWER to transport blood to all parts of the body like gases, nutrients, and waste" "circulatory system includes - CORRECT ANSWER heart, blood vessels, blood" "pulmonary loop - CORRECT ANSWER carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium" "systemic loop - CORRECT ANSWER carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body, returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium" "Ventricles - CORRECT ANSWER the two lower chambers of the heart, and they pump blood out to the lungs and body." "atrioventricular valves - CORRECT ANSWER valves between the atria and ventricles" "semilunar valves - CORRECT ANSWER pulmonary and aortic valves located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta" "sinoatrial node - CORRECT ANSWER pacemaker of the heart" "atrioventricular node - CORRECT ANSWER picks up signals from SA node, tells ventricles to contract" "the heart valves - CORRECT ANSWER try pulling my aorta: Tricuspid, Pulmonary, Mitral, Aorta" "lumen - CORRECT ANSWER space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel-lined with endothelium" "Arteries - CORRECT ANSWER carries blood away from the heart-largest is AORTA" "Arterioles - CORRECT ANSWER small vessels that receive blood from the arteries" "aortic arch - CORRECT ANSWER branch into brachiocephalic, left common artery, left subclavian artery" "Path of air travel - CORRECT ANSWER nose-->nasopharynx(where eustachian tubes connect w/pharynx)-->oropharynx(where air from mouth enters pharynx)-->laryngopharynx (air and food pass through this)" "Epiglottis - CORRECT ANSWER A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering." "Larynx - CORRECT ANSWER between pharynx and trachea; voice box; made of: epiglottis thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage" "lower respiratory tract - CORRECT ANSWER trachea, bronchi, lungs, and muscles that help with breathing" "Trachea - CORRECT ANSWER windpipe; made of fibrous and elastic tissues, smooth muscle, 20 cartilage rings" "Bronchi - CORRECT ANSWER 2 branches extend from L primary bronchi, 3 branches extend from R. (Corresponds to number of lobes)" "Bronchioles - CORRECT ANSWER no cartilage, made of smooth muscle ad elastic fiber tissue, branch to terminal bronchioles" "terminal bronchioles - CORRECT ANSWER connect to alveoli, which is where gas exchange occurs" "diaphragm - CORRECT ANSWER made of skeletal muscle; located under the lungs, forming the floor of the thorax." "external intercostal muscles - CORRECT ANSWER raises the rib cage during inspiration" "internal intercostal muscles - CORRECT ANSWER lowers the rib cage during forced expiration" "Inhalation/inspiration - CORRECT ANSWER the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward; external intercostal muscles contract to expand ribcage; lungs at LOWER PRESSURE than atmosphere until air is inhaled" "exhalation/expiration - CORRECT ANSWER diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax; internal intercostal muscles contract; thoracic cavity becomes smaller and pressure in lungs climbs HIGHER than atmospheric pressure-air moves out of lungs" "tidal volume - CORRECT ANSWER Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath" "vital capacity - CORRECT ANSWER The total volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation." "axial skeleton - CORRECT ANSWER Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, sternum, and vertebral column" "appendicular skeleton - CORRECT ANSWER Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton" "bone matrix - CORRECT ANSWER nonliving, structural part of bone" "living bones (osteocytes) - CORRECT ANSWER found at edges of bones and throughout the bone matrix in small cavities. play vital part in growth, development, and repair of bones." "Periosteum - CORRECT ANSWER a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints. contains collagen fibers for anchoring holds stem and osteoblast cells necessary for growth and repair" "compact bone - CORRECT ANSWER dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum" "cancellous (spongy) bone - CORRECT ANSWER found at ends of long bones and in vertebrae. less dense than compact bone, but has large surface area. functional unit of it: Trabecula- holds red bone marrow" "Ossification - CORRECT ANSWER process of bone formation by osteoblasts" "Osteoclasts are - CORRECT ANSWER cells that break down bone matrix. located on surface of bones help balance calcium levels" "Hematopoiesis - CORRECT ANSWER production of blood cells via stem cells" "5 types of bones - CORRECT ANSWER long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid" "fibrous joints - CORRECT ANSWER generally immovable hold teeth in their sockets" "cartilaginous joints - CORRECT ANSWER allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage (vertebral bodies)" "Muscular System - CORRECT ANSWER enables movement of the body and internal organs 3 types: cardiac visceral skeletal" "visceral muscle - CORRECT ANSWER smooth muscle; involuntary; found in stomach, intestines, and blood vessels (helps contract) weak muscles" "cardiac muscle - CORRECT ANSWER Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart; very strong muscle type made of cardiomyocytes that are joined by intercalated discs. (allow them to contract in sync)" "skeletal muscle - CORRECT ANSWER striated and voluntary attached to bones by tendons tendons made of connective tissue w/collagen fibers" "nervous system functions - CORRECT ANSWER responsible for gathering, processing, and reacting to information from inside and outside of body." "Axon - CORRECT ANSWER the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands sends info FROM soma" "Synapses - CORRECT ANSWER tiny gaps between dentrites and axons of different neurons" "neuroglial cells (Glial Cells) - CORRECT ANSWER provide physical support, insulation, and nutrients for neurons" "Schwann cells - CORRECT ANSWER Type of glia in the PNS, Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin." "Nodes of Ranvier - CORRECT ANSWER Gaps in the myelin sheath to which voltage-gated sodium channels are confined." "brain - CORRECT ANSWER Control center of the nervous system" "spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWER carries signals and process some reflexes to stimuli" "Meninges - CORRECT ANSWER protect CNS: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater" "dura mater - CORRECT ANSWER thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord" "cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - CORRECT ANSWER clear fluid formed from blood plasma. found in subarachnoid, ventricles, and central canal" "gray matter of brain - CORRECT ANSWER nervous tissue in brain made of interneurons that are unmyelinated this is where processing of signals happens." "white matter of brain - CORRECT ANSWER myelinated neurons tissue that conducts signals to, from, and between gray matter regions." "Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - CORRECT ANSWER made of bundles of axons that carry signals to and from spinal cord and brain" "5 types of peripheral nerves - CORRECT ANSWER afferent, efferent, mixed (interneuron), spinal, cranial" "efferent neurons - CORRECT ANSWER AKA motor neurons - these neurons carry impulses away from the brain & spinal cord and toward the muscles & glands" "afferent neurons (sensory neurons) - CORRECT ANSWER take information from inside and outside of body to sensory organs and receptos (brain)" "Interneurons - CORRECT ANSWER transmit info to CNS where it's evaluated, compared, stored or discarded, and used to make a decision" "somatic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER doesn't branch to anything else stimulates skeletal muscles" "autonomic nervous system (ANS) - CORRECT ANSWER not consciously controlled; stimulates visceral and cardiac muscle branches to: Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System" "sympathetic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER fight or flight increases respiration and heart rate decreases digestion releases stress hormones" "parasympathetic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER rest and digest; also sexual arousal" "enteric nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER the nervous system of the digestive tract" "digestive system function - CORRECT ANSWER The body system that takes in, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients that are necessary for growth" "organs of the digestive tract - CORRECT ANSWER oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine" "teeth - CORRECT ANSWER hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating (chewing) food-made of dentin" "Pharynx - CORRECT ANSWER throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx"