HESI A2 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWER 2024!

HESI A2 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWER 2024! "Which of the following lists the correct pathway of blood through the circulatory system? - CORRECT ANSWER Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, body tissues, vena cava, right atrium" "Which of the following types of cancer would present warning signs that are identified using the ABCDE method? - CORRECT ANSWER Melanoma" "Where is the popliteal artery located? - CORRECT ANSWER Behind the knee" "A patient with a lower than normal amount of thrombocytes could be at risk of ____________. - CORRECT ANSWER extensive bleeding" "Which of the following is not a bone of the lower extremities? - CORRECT ANSWER Ulna" "Which of the following organelles would you expect to find an abundance of in leukocytes? - CORRECT ANSWER Lysosomes" "A sprain occurs when which of the following structures is stretched or torn? - CORRECT ANSWER Ligament" "What does the presence of antidiuretic hormone stimulate? - CORRECT ANSWER Water reabsorption from the urinary filtrate" "The carpals articulate with the distal ends of which two bones? - CORRECT ANSWER Radius and ulna" "Which of the following options correctly lists the layers of the epidermis from the most superficial to the deepest layer? - CORRECT ANSWER Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum germinativum" "What is the function of the sebaceous glands? - CORRECT ANSWER To secrete oil that lubricates the skin and prevents drying." "Where is the tibialis anterior located? - CORRECT ANSWER The front of the lower extremities" "Which of the following muscles pulls a body part away from the midline of the body? - CORRECT ANSWER Abductors" "The malleus, incus, and stapes are bones found in the _________. - CORRECT ANSWER Ear" "Which important minerals are stored within the skeletal system? - CORRECT ANSWER Calcium and phosphorous" "Which type of connection do ligaments create? - CORRECT ANSWER Bone to bone" "Urine travels from the kidney to the urinary bladder through which structure? - CORRECT ANSWER Ureter" "The respiratory system is composed of organs that facilitate gas exchange between the blood and the external environment. Which of the following describes the group of organs that function during gas exchange? - CORRECT ANSWER Organ System" "White blood cells contain many _________ because they need to dispose of harmful intruders such as bacteria and viruses. Which of the following options correctly completes the statement above? - CORRECT ANSWER Lysosomes" "Which of the types of tissue is responsible for providing the matrix that supports and connects other tissues of the body? - CORRECT ANSWER connective tissue" "Which of the following types of tissues functions in the covering, lining, and protection of surfaces and body cavities? - CORRECT ANSWER epithelial tissue" "What, in addition to adenosine triphosphate, must be present for a muscle to contract? - CORRECT ANSWER Calcium" "Which part of the eye allows us to see color? - CORRECT ANSWER retina" "Mitosis occurs in which layer of the skin? - CORRECT ANSWER stratum germinativum" "Which of the following anatomical terms is correctly matched with its meaning? - CORRECT ANSWER cranial/skull" "Which of the following features of veins results in the venous system operating at lower pressures than the arterial side? - CORRECT ANSWER Veins have thinner, more compliant vessel walls than arteries." "Which structure lies between the thoracic and abdominal cavities? - CORRECT ANSWER Diaphragm" "Which of the following salivary glands primarily contributes to the production and secretion of saliva? - CORRECT ANSWER Submandibular glands" "What form of tissue provides support and structure for the organs? - CORRECT ANSWER Connective" "What is the outermost layer of the epidermis? - CORRECT ANSWER Stratum Corneum" "If you were to cut the body through the median plane, what type of sectioning would occur? - CORRECT ANSWER Sagittal section" "The _______________ artery is located in the upper arm, and is a continuation of the ________________ artery. - CORRECT ANSWER brachial; axillary" "Which of the following hormones is primarily produced and secreted by the male reproductive system? - CORRECT ANSWER Testosterone" "The functions of the circulatory system include all of the following except: - CORRECT ANSWER to deliver carbon dioxide to body tissues." "Which gland releases melatonin? - CORRECT ANSWER pineal gland" "The _________________ carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart, while the ________________ carry oxygen-depleted blood back towards the heart. - CORRECT ANSWER arteries; veins" "The right atrium receives blood from the __________. - CORRECT ANSWER Vena Cava" "Reabsorption of water and electrolytes occur in various parts of the renal tubules. In which segment is sodium mostly reabsorbed? - CORRECT ANSWER Proximal Convoluted Tubules" "What type of animal tissue is composed of neurons and neuroglia? - CORRECT ANSWER Nervous" "Which of the following muscles draw the limb away from the midline? - CORRECT ANSWER Abductors" "The heart consists of four chambers, which include _________________. - CORRECT ANSWER right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle" "Which vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum? - CORRECT ANSWER Sacral vertebrae" "Stratum basale and stratum spinosum are included in which layer of the epidermis? - CORRECT ANSWER Stratum germinativum" "Which of the following acts as a store for fats and aids in bone function? - CORRECT ANSWER Yellow bone marrow" "What type of cell division occurs in the gonads? - CORRECT ANSWER Meiosis" "Wrist bones are called which of the following? - CORRECT ANSWER Carpals" "What connects skin to superficial muscles? - CORRECT ANSWER Hypodermis" how many cranial nerves in the human body ? - CORRECT ANSWER 31" "where is vitamin K created? - CORRECT ANSWER large intestine" "what are the functions of vitamin K - CORRECT ANSWER helps blood clotting helps in bone metabolism cardiovascular health" "deficiency in vitamin K causes what? - CORRECT ANSWER bruising bloody stool bleeding in mucous membranes" "define parenchyma - CORRECT ANSWER functional tissue of an organ" "what is histology ? - CORRECT ANSWER study of tissues" "What is erythropoiesis? - CORRECT ANSWER production of red blood cells" "What is hemolysis? - CORRECT ANSWER destruction of red blood cells" "Define keratin - CORRECT ANSWER A fiber protein that is the principle component of hair, skin, and nails" "muscle cells are also called? - CORRECT ANSWER muscle fibers" "myofibrils are made of? - CORRECT ANSWER sarcomeres" "sarcomeres are made of - CORRECT ANSWER actin and myosin" "role of medulla oblongata - CORRECT ANSWER regulates basic life functions like heart rate and respiration" "Cerebellum function is what? - CORRECT ANSWER muscular coordination and balance" "cerebrum function - CORRECT ANSWER thinking, personality, sensations, movements, memory (receives, interprets)" "Thalamus function - CORRECT ANSWER sensory relay station delivers to the right area" "Where does simple reflexes travel through? - CORRECT ANSWER Only travel through the spinal cord" "BUCCAL - CORRECT ANSWER CHEEK" "ORBITAL - CORRECT ANSWER EYE" "OTIC - CORRECT ANSWER ear" "OCCIPITAL - CORRECT ANSWER back of head" "PECTORAL - CORRECT ANSWER ANTERIOR UPPER CHEST" "STERNAL - CORRECT ANSWER BREAST BONE" "PUBIC - CORRECT ANSWER GENITAL AREA" "SCAPULAR - CORRECT ANSWER SHOULDER" "ACROMIAL - CORRECT ANSWER HIGHEST POINT OF THE SHOULDER" "AXILLARY - CORRECT ANSWER ARMPIT" "BRACHIAL - CORRECT ANSWER ARM" "OLECRANAL - CORRECT ANSWER POSTERIOR PART OF THE ELBOW" "ANTEBRACHIAL - CORRECT ANSWER FOREARM" "CUBITAL - CORRECT ANSWER ANTERIOR PART OF ELBOW" "CARPAL - CORRECT ANSWER WRIST" "TARSAL - CORRECT ANSWER ANKLE" "PEDAL - CORRECT ANSWER FOOT" "PLANTAR/ PLANTER - CORRECT ANSWER SOLE OF FOOT" "COXAL - CORRECT ANSWER HIP" "GLUTEAL - CORRECT ANSWER BUTTOCKS" "INGUINAL - CORRECT ANSWER GROIN" "FEMORAL - CORRECT ANSWER THIGH" "CRURAL - CORRECT ANSWER SHIN OR LOWER FRONT LEG" "SURAL - CORRECT ANSWER CALF" "MIDSAGITTAL PLANE - CORRECT ANSWER divides the body into equal right and left sides" "FRONTAL PLANE - CORRECT ANSWER Divides the body into front and back" "OBLIQUE PLANE - CORRECT ANSWER Divides the body diagonally" "Transverse plane - CORRECT ANSWER Divides body into upper and lower parts" "CORONAL PLANE - CORRECT ANSWER divides body into front and back" "HORIZONTAL AXIS - CORRECT ANSWER Divides body into upper and lower parts" "LONGITUDINAL PLANE - CORRECT ANSWER Divides body into right and left parts" "SAGITTAL PLANE - CORRECT ANSWER divides body into left and right parts" "ANTERIOR OR VENTRAL - CORRECT ANSWER Towards the front" "CEPHALAD - CORRECT ANSWER Towards the head" "SUPERIOR - CORRECT ANSWER ABOVE" "MEDIAL - CORRECT ANSWER TOWARDS THE MIDLINE" "PROXIMAL - CORRECT ANSWER NEAREST TO THE TRUNK OF THE BODY" "RADIAL - CORRECT ANSWER thumb side (lateral)" "POSTERIOR - CORRECT ANSWER Towards the back" "DORSAL - CORRECT ANSWER Towards the back" "CAUDAL - CORRECT ANSWER TOWARDS THE TAIL" "INFERIOR - CORRECT ANSWER BELOW" "LATERAL - CORRECT ANSWER AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE" "DISTAL - CORRECT ANSWER AWAY FROM THE TRUNK OF THE BODY" "PLANTAR SURFACE - CORRECT ANSWER SOLE OF THE FOOT" "DORSAL - CORRECT ANSWER TOP SIDE OF THE FOOT" "THE AXIAL SKELETON CONSIST OF? - CORRECT ANSWER skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum" "APPENDICULAR SKELETON CONSIST OF? - CORRECT ANSWER The pelvis, upper and lower limbs" "CERVICAL REGION CONSIST OF HOW MANY BONES? - CORRECT ANSWER 7" "C1 is also known as? - CORRECT ANSWER atlas" "C2 is also known as? - CORRECT ANSWER axis" "c1 and c2 are responsible for? - CORRECT ANSWER neck movement" "Thoracic vertebrae has how many bones? - CORRECT ANSWER 12" "lumbar vertebrae has how many bones - CORRECT ANSWER 5 bones" "What is the function of the muscular system? - CORRECT ANSWER posture, produces heat, body movement" "Three types of muscle tissue are? - CORRECT ANSWER skeletal, smooth, cardiac" "TENDONS CONNECT? - CORRECT ANSWER MUSCLE TO BONE" "LIGAMENTS CONNECT? - CORRECT ANSWER BONE TO BONE" "Human growth hormone is produced by what gland? - CORRECT ANSWER Anterior pituitary gland" "Lactotrophs secrete what hormone? and is released by which gland? - CORRECT ANSWER prolactin / anterior pituitary gland" "prolactin is produced by what gland? - CORRECT ANSWER Anterior pituitary gland" "adrenal cortex secretes - CORRECT ANSWER cortisol and androgens" "ACTH ACTS ON WHAT GLAND? - CORRECT ANSWER ADRENAL CORTEX, WHICH THEN SECRETES CORTISOL AND ANDROGENS" "MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE FUNCTION - CORRECT ANSWER stimulates the melanocytes to produce melanin" "prolactin does what? - CORRECT ANSWER produces milk in women" "Organs in right hypochondriac region (right upper quadrant) - CORRECT ANSWER LIVER, GALLBLADDER, RIGHT KIDNEY, SMALL INTESTINE" "Organs in the epigastric region - CORRECT ANSWER Stomach, LIVER, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, adrenal glands" "Organs in the left hypochondriac region (left upper quadrant) - CORRECT ANSWER Spleen, Colon, Left kidney, Pancreas" “A patient who is on a plant-based diet complains that their skin is appearing to take on a yellowish color. Which of the following foods would you expect the patient to have eaten a large amount of? - CORRECT ANSWER Carrots" "Which of the following best describes the anatomical position? - CORRECT ANSWER Standing upright, facing the observer, upper extremities at the body's sides, feet flat and directed forward, and the palms facing anteriorly" "Which of the following is a byproduct of anaerobic respiration that can lead to muscular fatigue, muscle cramps, muscle pain, or a burning sensation in the muscles? - CORRECT ANSWER Lactic acid" "The shoulder is an example of which type of synovial joint? - CORRECT ANSWER Ball and socket" "Which of the following muscles is located towards the outer side of the leg? - CORRECT ANSWER Vastus lateralis" "What is the purpose of gastric mucous? - CORRECT ANSWER To protect the stomach lining from acid and digestive enzymes." "Which of the following occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated? - CORRECT ANSWER Heart rate increases, pupils dilate, digestion slows down" "The internal reproductive organs are located in which of the following anatomical regions? - CORRECT ANSWER Pelvic" "Where does digestion begin in the alimentary canal? - CORRECT ANSWER Oral cavity" "Which organelle is responsible for regulating the transport of substances in and out of the cell? - CORRECT ANSWER Cell membrane" "Which of the following glands secrete earwax? - CORRECT ANSWER Ceruminous" "What is erythropoiesis and where does it occur? - CORRECT ANSWER The formation of red blood cells; Red bone marrow" "Which of the following male reproductive organs is also a part of the urinary system? - CORRECT ANSWER Urethra" "What is the function of endocrine glands? - CORRECT ANSWER They secrete hormones directly into the blood." "Which of the following is defined as "a group of similar cells and their intercellular matrix that carry out a specific function together?" - CORRECT ANSWER Tissues" "Which bones form via intramembranous ossification? - CORRECT ANSWER The flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and clavicles" "Which of the following best describes the primary function of hemoglobin? - CORRECT ANSWER Carries oxygen to tissues and organs" "Which of the following best describes the function of the mitral valve? - CORRECT ANSWER Lets blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle" "Which of the four chambers of the heart has the thickest muscular wall? - CORRECT ANSWER Left ventricle" "Which organ is responsible for most of the nutrient absorption in the body? - CORRECT ANSWER Small intestine" "How does serotonin affect the body? - CORRECT ANSWER It helps to regulate mood, anxiety, sleep, memory, and appetite." "Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is false? - CORRECT ANSWER The hypothalamus is commonly known as the "master gland."" "Which plane divides the body into left and right sides? - CORRECT ANSWER Sagittal" "Which of the following is located in the thoracic cavity? - CORRECT ANSWER The mediastinum" "Which type of tissue is most widely distributed throughout the body? - CORRECT ANSWER Connective tissue" "Which of the following is a molecule carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction for all organisms? - CORRECT ANSWER DNA" "Which part of the brain is involved in processing auditory information? Temporal lob - CORRECT ANSWER Temporal lobe" "A patient complains of decreased sensation in the distal part of their arm and an inability to adduct and abduct their fingers. Based on these symptoms, which nerve is most likely compromised? - CORRECT ANSWER Ulnar" "In which of the following reproductive structures does the fertilization of an ovum occur? - CORRECT ANSWER Fallopian tube" "Which of the following structures is part of the upper respiratory system? - CORRECT ANSWER Pharynx" "The elbow is what type of joint? - CORRECT ANSWER hinge" "A patient complaining of pain in their sternum reveals that they were recently in a mild car accident. Which of the following structures may have been injured in the accident? - CORRECT ANSWER Xiphoid process" "Using the provided image, choose the anatomical structure designated by letter B. - CORRECT ANSWER Left Atrium" "Which blood vessel returns blood from the lungs back to the heart? - CORRECT ANSWER Pulmonary vein" "Which of the following is the name of the imaginary vertical plane that equally divides the body into left and right? - CORRECT ANSWER sagittal" "In what area of the body would you expect to find especially thick stratum corneum? - CORRECT ANSWER Heel of the foot" "Which of the following describes the distal region of the humerus? - CORRECT ANSWER The epiphysis that articulates with the radius and ulna" "Eccrine glands secrete a watery substance onto the surface of the skin to maintain temperature homeostasis through which process? - CORRECT ANSWER Evaporation" "Which of the following cell organelles is correctly paired with its function? - CORRECT ANSWER Ribosome/ Protein synthesis" "Which of the following organ systems is correctly paired with its function? - CORRECT ANSWER Endocrine/ regulation of homeostasis through hormone signaling" "A patient reveals to you that they were recently involved in a car accident that they believe resulted in a deviated septum. Which of the following bones may have been injured in the accident, resulting in the deviated septum? - CORRECT ANSWER Vomer" "What is secreted by the adrenal glands? - CORRECT ANSWER cortisol and aldosterone" "Which of the following organelles is responsible for digesting damaged cellular structures, as well as macromolecules and bacteria ingested by the cell? - CORRECT ANSWER lysosomes" "Which of the following could result from a damaged olfactory nerve? - CORRECT ANSWER reduced sense of smell" "Which of the following describes cellular respiration? - CORRECT ANSWER It is an oxidative catabolic activity" "The pulse point located on the neck is palpated over which artery? - CORRECT ANSWER carotid" "Which of the following causes bone matrix resorption in response to a decrease of calcium levels in the blood? - CORRECT ANSWER osteoclasts" "Which organelle is responsible for storing DNA? - CORRECT ANSWER nucleus" "T-lymphocytes are developed by which of the following glands? - CORRECT ANSWER thymus" "Cerumen is secreted by apocrine glands located in which of the following structures? - CORRECT ANSWER The external auditory canal" "Which of the following about the hyoid bone is correct? - CORRECT ANSWER It is the only bone that does not articulate with any other bone." "In which part of the body would you find aqueous humor? - CORRECT ANSWER Between the lens and cornea in the eye" "A tissue sample studied under a microscope exhibits the following characteristics: an extracellular matrix providing rigidity to the tissue, and the presence of lacunae. Which type of tissue is this? - CORRECT ANSWER Bone" "Which system coordinates and regulates processes within the body through the use of hormones? - CORRECT ANSWER endocrine system" "Which structure in the epidermis is responsible for cooling the body to maintain temperature homeostasis? - CORRECT ANSWER eccrine glands" "The diaphragm is _________ to the lungs. - CORRECT ANSWER inferior" "The hormone __________ assists estrogen in stimulating the formation of the endometrium. - CORRECT ANSWER progesterone" "Which of the following structures functions in directing sound waves into the ear? - CORRECT ANSWER Auricle" "Which of the following is the correct sequence of transport of filtrate from the nephrons to the renal pelvis? - CORRECT ANSWER Proximal Convoluted Tubule - Loop of Henle - Distal Convoluted Tubule - Collecting Duct - Minor Calyx - Major Calyx - Renal Pelvis" "Which blood vessel delivers blood directly into the right atrium? - CORRECT ANSWER Vena cava" "Which of the following terms describes the process of forming new red blood cells? - CORRECT ANSWER Erythropoiesis" "The components found in blood that carry out blood clotting are: - CORRECT ANSWER thrombocytes" "What is one of the functions of the hypothalamus? - CORRECT ANSWER Regulating body temperature" "The pharynx is a conduit for air and food. It is divided into three segments which contain lymphoid structures that play significant roles in protection and defense. Which segment of the pharynx contains the pharyngeal tonsils? - CORRECT ANSWER Nasopharynx" "Which of the following makes up the largest component of whole blood? - CORRECT ANSWER Plasma" "Listening to music stimulates which of the following organs? - CORRECT ANSWER Cochlea" "If the femoral artery was cut, which of the following blood vessels would not receive blood as a result? - CORRECT ANSWER popliteal artery" "Which of the following gets absorbed directly into the blood? - CORRECT ANSWER Amino Acids" "The anterior lobe of pituitary glands is called which of the following? - CORRECT ANSWER Adenohypophysis" "Which glands release an oily secretion through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin and prevents drying? - CORRECT ANSWER Sebaceous glands" "Which of the following is not a function of cortisol? - CORRECT ANSWER Release growth hormones" "Which of the following is a primary function of the male and/or female reproductive systems? - CORRECT ANSWER To produce gametes" "Which of the following is the primary organ of the female reproductive system responsible for releasing mature eggs? - CORRECT ANSWER Ovaries" "An irregular epiphysis at each end is present in which of the following? - CORRECT ANSWER A typical long bone" "Which muscle is located towards the front of the lower leg? - CORRECT ANSWER Tibialis anterior" "Skeletal muscle work in pairs. The muscle that executes the given movement is called which of the following? - CORRECT ANSWER Prime mover" "The tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi is called ____________. - CORRECT ANSWER Trachea" "Which exocrine gland produces sweat on the epidermal surface? - CORRECT ANSWER Eccrine" "WHAT ARE THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY - CORRECT ANSWER atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism" "FOUR MAIN TISSUES OF THE BODY ARE? - CORRECT ANSWER EPITHELIAL TISSUE, CONNECTIVE TISSUE, NERVOUS TISSUE, MUSCLE TISSUE" "What are the layers of the epidermis? - CORRECT ANSWER stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale" "role of integumentary system is? - CORRECT ANSWER REGULATES BODY TEMPERATURE, SENSORY ORGAN, PREVENTS WATER LOSS, PREVENTS ENTRY OF BACTERIA, HELPS MAKE VITAMIN D, STORES WATER AND FAT" "DERMIS LAYER CONTAINS ? - CORRECT ANSWER BLOOD VESSELS, HAIR FOLLICLES, SWEAT GLANDS, NERVES, SEBACEOUS GLANDS" "EPIDERMIS LAYER CONTAINS? - CORRECT ANSWER SQUAMOUS CELLS, BASAL CELLS, AND MELANOCYTES" "WHAT ARE MELANOCYTES - CORRECT ANSWER cells that produce melanin (GIVES THE SKIN ITS COLOR)" "subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)? contains what and where is it ? - CORRECT ANSWER CONTAINS FAT -DEEPEST LAYER OF THE SKIN, CONSERVES BODY HEAT AND PROTECT BODY FROM INJURY" "THE SKELETAL SYSTEM PROVIDES WHAT? - CORRECT ANSWER STRUCTURE, SUPPORT, PROTECTION FOR ORGANS, MOVEMENT, STORES MINERALS, AND PRODUCES RED AND WHITE BLOOD CELLS" "Estrogen and progesterone are produced by which organ? - CORRECT ANSWER the ovaries" "TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone ) is produced by what gland? - CORRECT ANSWER anterior pituitary gland" "Posterior pituitary gland produces which hormones? - CORRECT ANSWER ADH (Also known as vasopressin) and oxytocin" "luteinizing hormone (LH) - CORRECT ANSWER stimulates ovaries and testes to produce estrogen and testosterone" "ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone produces what hormone and is released by which gland? - CORRECT ANSWER Produces cortisol (the stress hormone). Is made and released by the anterior pituitary gland." "ACTH REGULATES WHICH FUNCTIONS? - CORRECT ANSWER BLOOD PRESSURE, BLOOD SUGAR, SLEEP-WAKE CYCLE, SUPRESSES INFLAMMATION, BODY'S STRESS RESPONE" "Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin) function? - CORRECT ANSWER regulates water balance and sodium levels in the body." "Oxytocin function - CORRECT ANSWER helps with labor and childbirth (contractions) and breast milk ejection."