PH2206 Nutrition Module 5 Exam New Updated 2025

What is nutrition? - Correct answer-- How food nourishes our bodies - How food influences our health - Focused on supporting wellness, as well as prevention and treatment of chronic disease What is wellness? - Correct answer-- The absence of disease What is homeostasis? - Correct answer-- The steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems What is allostasis? - Correct answer-- The process of adaptation in which organisms must change regulated parameters as needed to adjust to changing environments What are the six groups of essential nutrients found in foods? - Correct answer-1. Carbohydrates 2. Fats/oils 3. Proteins 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water What nutrients are classified as macronutrients? - Correct answer-- Carbohydrates - Fats - Proteins - Fiber - Water What nutrients are classified as micronutrients? - Correct answer-- Vitamins - Minerals - Phytochemicals How many kJ is in one kcal? - Correct answer-1 kcal = 4.184 kJ How many kcal are in 1g of carbohydrates? - Correct answer-4 kcal/17 kJ How many kcal are in 1g of fats/oils? - Correct answer-9 kcal/ 37 kJ How many kcal are in 1g of proteins? - Correct answer-4 kcal/ 17 kJ Which nutrients DO NOT supply energy to our bodies? - Correct answer-Vitamins and minerals Which vitamins are fat-soluble? - Correct answer-Vitamins A, D, E and K (ADEK = a deck) How many major minerals (i.e dose) do we require per day? - Correct answer-100mg/day What is DRI? - Correct answer-Daily Recommended Intake: Amount of nutrient needed to prevent deficiency disease in healthy people. Consists of: - Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) - Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) - Adequate Intake (AI) - Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) What is EAR? - Correct answer-Estimated Average Requirement: Average daily level of a nutrient that ill meet the needs of 1/2 of healthy individuals in a specific group What is RDA? - Correct answer-Recommended Dietary Allowance: Average daily intake level required to meed the needs of 97-98% of healthy individuals in a specific group What is AI? - Correct answer-Adequate Intake: Recommended average daily intake level for a nutrient that is assumed to be adequate - Used when RDA cannot be determined What is EER? - Correct answer-Estimated Energy Requirement: Average dietary energy intake (in kcal) to maintain energy balance in healthy adults What is AMDR? - Correct answer-Acceptable Macronutrients Distribution Range: The portion of energy intake that should come from each macronutrient What does nutrition have to do with chiropractic care? - Correct answer-(Who knows tbh) but: We should provide evidence-informed care, based on the allosteric demands of the individual client What are the 4 pillars of a healthy diet? - Correct answer-1. Adequate (it should provide enough energy and nutrients to support a person's health) 2. Moderate (the right amounts of food for maintaining proper weight) 3. Balanced (the right combinations of foods to provide proper nutrients) 4. Varied (many types of foods each day) What are the important aspects of a nutrition label? - Correct answer-- Serving size/servings per container - Nutrient list - % Daily Values - Footnotes Why should chiropractors implement nutrition in practice? - Correct answer-- 71% of men and 53% of omen going to DC's are overweight or obese - Intervention has been historically low What is glucose? - Correct answer-- The most abundant carbohydrate - Principle form of carbohydrate found in the blood - Produced in plants through photosynthesis What are simple carbohydrates? - Correct answer-- Contain 1-2 molecules - Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose and ribose - Disaccharides (lactose, maltose, sucrose) What are complex carbohydrates? - Correct answer-- Contain >3 molecules - Starch: our cells cannot use complex starches - must be broken down to glucose - Glycogen: Storage form of carbohydrates in animals - not in our food, thus not a source of dietary carbohydrates - Fibre: Consists of dietary fibre (the non-digestible part of plants) and functional fibre (with known health effects, such as cellulose) Why do we need carbohydrates? - Correct answer-- Energy - Prevents ketone production as an alternate energy source What is pancreatic amylase? - Correct answer-- Enzyme produced in the pancreas - Digests starch into maltose - Additional enzymes via mucosal cells then secrete maltase, sucrase, and lactase to break down carbohydrates into monosaccharides Where are monosaccharides converted into glucose? - Correct answer-- The liver, where it is then released into the bloodstream for immediate energy What hormone regulates blood glucose levels? - Correct answer-- Insulin, secreted by the pancreas - Helps transport glucose from the blood into cells, and stimulates the liver to take up glucose and convert it to glycogen What is glucagon? What does it do? - Correct answer-- Stimulates breakdown of glycogen to glucose, making it available to cells of the body - Stimulates gluconeogenesis - production of new glucose from amino acids What is glycogen? - Correct answer-- Synthesized from glucose during gluconeogenesis What is the glycemic index? - Correct answer-- A measure of a food's ability to raise blood glucose levels - Foods with a low glycemic index are better for people ith diabetes, generally are higher in fibre, and can reduce the risk of CHD and various cancers How much energy is obtained from carbs for the average Canadian? - Correct answer-- Approx. 50% - 21% is from added sugars! What are fats? - Correct answer-- Type of lipid, 3 types total found in foods: 1. Triglycerides 2. Phospholipids 3. Sterols What are triglycerides? - Correct answer-- 3 fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule - Fatty acids differ in level of saturation, length of carbon chain, and their shape What are the three types of fatty acids? - Correct answer-- Saturated (no double bonds) - Monounsaturated (one double bond) - Polyunsaturated fatty acids (two or more double bonds) Which triglycerides are liquid at room temperature? What are the exceptions? - Correct answer-- Unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at SATP - Exceptions: coconut oil and palm kernel oil What is hydrogenation? - Correct answer-- Addition of hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fatty acids What are trans fats? What are their effects of cardiovascular health? - Correct answer-- Fats with trans double bonds, mostly produced by manipulating the fatty acids during food processing - Trans fats lower "good" cholesterol and raise "bad" cholesterol What are phospholipids? - Correct answer-- Manufactured in our bodies, not required in our diet - 2 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate - Important component of cell membranes What are sterols? - Correct answer-- Lipids containing multiple carbon rings - Essential to cell membranes and many hormones - Manufactured in our body, not required by diet - Cholesterol is major sterol found in our body What are the steps to digest fats in the small intestine? - Correct answer-1. Bile secretion from gall bladder 2. Bile production from liver, stored in gall bladder 3. Bile disperses fats into smaller droplets 4. Pancreatic enzymes break triglycerides to 2 fatty acids and a monoglyceride 5. Fat enters mucosal cell as a micelle What are chylomicrons? - Correct answer-- A lipoprotein produced by cells lining the small intestine, transport vesicles that remove absorbed fats from the small intestine - Composed of triglycerides surrounded by phospholipids and proteins - Water soluble, travel through the lymphatic system What is the process wherin chylomicrons are absorbed into the cell? - Correct answer-1. Triglycerides disassembled by lipoprotein lipase into 2 fatty acids and a monoglyceride to pass cell membrane 2. Pass membrane, and triglyceride is reformed Triglyceride can then be used for immediate energy, to make lipid-containing compounds, or stored in liver and muscle cells Which fatty acids are essential? - Correct answer-Lineolic acid and alpha-lineolic acid - they are converted to improtant regulatory compounds in the body What does lineolic acid become converted to in the body? - Correct answer-Arachidonic Acid (relates to blood clotting and blood pressure) What does alpha-lineolic acid become converted to in the body? - Correct answer-EPA and DHA, important regulators of inflammation, blood clotting, and blood pressure What is the AMDR of fat? - Correct answer-25 - 35% of calories should come from fats (athletes and highly active people may need to reduce this to 20 - 25%) What is the recommendation regarding fats and CVD? - Correct answer-- Eat less saturated fats! - Avoid industrial trans fatty acids as much as possible - Select beneficial fats (omega-3 fatty acids, for example) what are the 3 most common forms of CVD? - Correct answer-1. Coronary heart disease (CHD) 2. Stroke 3. Hypertension What are some modifiable risk factors for CVD? - Correct answer-- Weight - Smoking - Exercise - Diabetes (???)