Psych
Brain
● Forebrain: executive function, impulse control, speech, motor
○ Thalamus
■ Relay sensory info
○ Hypothalamus
■ Regulates homeostasis
■ Fight, flight, feed, fuck
■ Initiates signals to endocrine system in response to stress
● Regulates activity of pituitary and adrenal glands
○ Limbic system
■ Emotions, memories, arousal
■ Hippocampus: emotions
■ Amygdala: fear and aggression
■ HAT Hippo
● Hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus
○ Basal ganglia
○ Cerebral cortex
■ Outer layer of cerebrum
■ Cerebrum for voluntary movement
● Midbrain
○ Colliculi
○ Tegmentum
○ Cerebral peduncles
● Hindbrain
○ Cerebellum
■ For balance, proprioception
○ Medulla oblongata
○ Reticular formation
● Temporal lobe
○ Perception, memory, sound, speech, emotion
● Parietal lobe
○ Touch, pressure, pain, temperature, spatial processing
● Brain Scans
○ PET measures localized neural activity
■ Localizes brain areas
○ EEG for brainwaves
○ MRI for neuroanatomy
○ CT for neuroanatomy
Neurotransmitters
● Serotonin for mood, sleep, eating, dreaming
, ● Dopamine for focus, motivation, smooth movements
Hormones
● Tropic Hormones (FLAT)
○ Act on glands
○ Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH)
■ Sperm production
■ Secreted by anterior pituitary gland
○ Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
■ Stimulates adrenal cortex
○ Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
● Direct Hormones (PEG)
○ Act on cells and tissues
○ Prolactin
■ Stimulates milk production in mammary glands
○ Endorphins/Enkephalins
○ Growth hormone
■ Somatotropin/HGH
■ Stimulates growth and cell production
● Posterior pituitary
○ ADH/Vasopressin
○ Oxytocin
● Sex Hormones
○ Produced in gonads
○ Steroids
○ All people need all 3 sex hormones
Language
● Components
○ Phoneme: smallest unit of sound
■ 40 phonemes in English
○ Morpheme: smallest unit of meaning (prefix/base/suffix)
■ Lexicon is entire set of morphemes in a language
○ Pragmatic: cultural connotation of word
○ Semantics are meaning of a word
○ Prosody is rhythm, cadence, and inflection of voices
● Ebbinghaus Experiment
○ Memorize and recall nonsense syllables over intervals
○ Memory and forgetting
○ Forgetting curve - forget most at first then gradually rest
● Broca’s area in frontal lobe
, ○ Wernicke’s area in temporal lobe
○ Global aphasia has damage in Broca and Wernicke
○ Arcuate fasciculus connect Broca and Wernicke
○ Conduction aphasia is when ability to conduct between listening and speaking is
disrupted
○ Agraphia inability to write
○ Anomia inability to name things
● Theories of Language
○ Relativism
■ Language influences thought
■ English speakers think left to right typically
■ Linguistic determinism
○ Sapir-Whorfian
■ Language completely determines thought
■ What languages we know affects how we see the world
■ Linguistic relativity
○ Nativisit
■ Noam Chomsky
■ Says children are born with ability to learn language
■ Similarities of universal grammar
■ Critical period 0-8 years when it's easiest to learn language
■ Eysenck also says biological, but for personality
● Studied diff personalities in identical twins
○ Behaviorist/Learning
■ BF Skinner
■ Children acquire through operant conditioning
■ Mama = mom reinforces child to say syllable “ma”
○ Interactionist
■ Vygotsky
■ Vygotsky says language and thought converge through development
■ Use at same time via socialization with adults
■ Adults teach children language
Emotion
● Limbic system
○ Hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus (HAT Hippo)
○ Hypothalamus regulates autonomic nervous system
■ Epi/Norepi
○ Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
■ Monitor changes in osmotic pressure
■ Regulate water and electrolyte balance
■ Also in kidney to regulate amt of water reabsorbed/excreted
○ Kluver-Bucy syndrome is destruction of amygdala
Brain
● Forebrain: executive function, impulse control, speech, motor
○ Thalamus
■ Relay sensory info
○ Hypothalamus
■ Regulates homeostasis
■ Fight, flight, feed, fuck
■ Initiates signals to endocrine system in response to stress
● Regulates activity of pituitary and adrenal glands
○ Limbic system
■ Emotions, memories, arousal
■ Hippocampus: emotions
■ Amygdala: fear and aggression
■ HAT Hippo
● Hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus
○ Basal ganglia
○ Cerebral cortex
■ Outer layer of cerebrum
■ Cerebrum for voluntary movement
● Midbrain
○ Colliculi
○ Tegmentum
○ Cerebral peduncles
● Hindbrain
○ Cerebellum
■ For balance, proprioception
○ Medulla oblongata
○ Reticular formation
● Temporal lobe
○ Perception, memory, sound, speech, emotion
● Parietal lobe
○ Touch, pressure, pain, temperature, spatial processing
● Brain Scans
○ PET measures localized neural activity
■ Localizes brain areas
○ EEG for brainwaves
○ MRI for neuroanatomy
○ CT for neuroanatomy
Neurotransmitters
● Serotonin for mood, sleep, eating, dreaming
, ● Dopamine for focus, motivation, smooth movements
Hormones
● Tropic Hormones (FLAT)
○ Act on glands
○ Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH)
■ Sperm production
■ Secreted by anterior pituitary gland
○ Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
■ Stimulates adrenal cortex
○ Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
● Direct Hormones (PEG)
○ Act on cells and tissues
○ Prolactin
■ Stimulates milk production in mammary glands
○ Endorphins/Enkephalins
○ Growth hormone
■ Somatotropin/HGH
■ Stimulates growth and cell production
● Posterior pituitary
○ ADH/Vasopressin
○ Oxytocin
● Sex Hormones
○ Produced in gonads
○ Steroids
○ All people need all 3 sex hormones
Language
● Components
○ Phoneme: smallest unit of sound
■ 40 phonemes in English
○ Morpheme: smallest unit of meaning (prefix/base/suffix)
■ Lexicon is entire set of morphemes in a language
○ Pragmatic: cultural connotation of word
○ Semantics are meaning of a word
○ Prosody is rhythm, cadence, and inflection of voices
● Ebbinghaus Experiment
○ Memorize and recall nonsense syllables over intervals
○ Memory and forgetting
○ Forgetting curve - forget most at first then gradually rest
● Broca’s area in frontal lobe
, ○ Wernicke’s area in temporal lobe
○ Global aphasia has damage in Broca and Wernicke
○ Arcuate fasciculus connect Broca and Wernicke
○ Conduction aphasia is when ability to conduct between listening and speaking is
disrupted
○ Agraphia inability to write
○ Anomia inability to name things
● Theories of Language
○ Relativism
■ Language influences thought
■ English speakers think left to right typically
■ Linguistic determinism
○ Sapir-Whorfian
■ Language completely determines thought
■ What languages we know affects how we see the world
■ Linguistic relativity
○ Nativisit
■ Noam Chomsky
■ Says children are born with ability to learn language
■ Similarities of universal grammar
■ Critical period 0-8 years when it's easiest to learn language
■ Eysenck also says biological, but for personality
● Studied diff personalities in identical twins
○ Behaviorist/Learning
■ BF Skinner
■ Children acquire through operant conditioning
■ Mama = mom reinforces child to say syllable “ma”
○ Interactionist
■ Vygotsky
■ Vygotsky says language and thought converge through development
■ Use at same time via socialization with adults
■ Adults teach children language
Emotion
● Limbic system
○ Hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus (HAT Hippo)
○ Hypothalamus regulates autonomic nervous system
■ Epi/Norepi
○ Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
■ Monitor changes in osmotic pressure
■ Regulate water and electrolyte balance
■ Also in kidney to regulate amt of water reabsorbed/excreted
○ Kluver-Bucy syndrome is destruction of amygdala
