BIO 101 EXAM 1 NVCC 061N
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
How do carbon skeletons vary? - ANSWER-length, branching structure, double bond
position, presence of rings
What are hydrocarbons? - ANSWER-organic molecules consisting of only carbon and
hydrogen; uncommon in living things (though parts may be hydrocarbons like fats);
hydrophobic
types of isomers - ANSWER-structural, cis-trans, enantiomers
structural isomers - ANSWER-Differ in arrangement of atoms (branching or double
bonds)
cis-trans isomers - ANSWER-have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial
arrangements; cis isomer has non-H atoms on same side, while trans-isomer has non-H
atoms on opposite sides
Enantiomers - ANSWER-isomers that are mirror images of each other that differ
because of an asymmetric carbon; have vastly different effects
Enantiomer example - ANSWER-methamphetamine: crank vs. nasal spray
functional groups - ANSWER-hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl,
phosphate, methyl
hydroxyl group - ANSWER-OH-, alcohol, hydrophilic/ polar
carbonyl group - ANSWER-C=O, ketone (if within skeleton) or aldehyde (if at end of
skeleton), hydrophilic/ polar
carboxyl group - ANSWER--COOH, carboxylic acid or organic acid, polar
amino group - ANSWER-NH2, amino acids, polar
phosphate group - ANSWER--PO4 2-, organic phosphate in many important chemical
reactions, polar
sulfhydryl group - ANSWER--SH, thiol, nonpolar
methyl group - ANSWER-CH3, methylated compound, nonreactive (tag on biological
molecules, polar
, steroid sex hormone function - ANSWER-change shape of molecule with attached
chemical group
vitalism - ANSWER-only organisms can make organic molecules (disproved with urea
by German scientist)
mechanism - ANSWER-follow-up to vitalism; physical and chemical laws govern all
natural phenomena
carbon cycle - ANSWER-the series of processes by which carbon compounds are
interconverted in the environment; involving the incorporation of carbon dioxide into
organisms by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere by cellular respiration,
decomposition of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels
Macromolecules - ANSWER-A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller
molecules
Synthesis of macromolecules - ANSWER-requires enzymes; dehydration reaction,
usually
hydrolysis - ANSWER-Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of
water
Monosaccharides - ANSWER-single sugar units with basic formula of CH2O; has
carbonyl and hydroxyl groups in 3-7 carbon rings in aqueous solutions
carbon ring names - ANSWER-triose (3 carbons), pentose (5), hexose (6); classed by
location of carbonyl group and number of Carbons
Examples of monosaccharides - ANSWER-glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharide - ANSWER-A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by
dehydration synthesis
Name of carbohydrate polymer-building reaction - ANSWER-glycosidic linkage
examples of disaccharides - ANSWER-sucrose, lactose, maltose
Polysaccharides - ANSWER-Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two
monosaccharides; storage and structural types
storage polysaccharides - ANSWER-starch (plants- branched or unbranched) and
glycogen (animals' livers and muscles); release when needed
structural polysaccharides - ANSWER-cellulose and chitin
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
How do carbon skeletons vary? - ANSWER-length, branching structure, double bond
position, presence of rings
What are hydrocarbons? - ANSWER-organic molecules consisting of only carbon and
hydrogen; uncommon in living things (though parts may be hydrocarbons like fats);
hydrophobic
types of isomers - ANSWER-structural, cis-trans, enantiomers
structural isomers - ANSWER-Differ in arrangement of atoms (branching or double
bonds)
cis-trans isomers - ANSWER-have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial
arrangements; cis isomer has non-H atoms on same side, while trans-isomer has non-H
atoms on opposite sides
Enantiomers - ANSWER-isomers that are mirror images of each other that differ
because of an asymmetric carbon; have vastly different effects
Enantiomer example - ANSWER-methamphetamine: crank vs. nasal spray
functional groups - ANSWER-hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl,
phosphate, methyl
hydroxyl group - ANSWER-OH-, alcohol, hydrophilic/ polar
carbonyl group - ANSWER-C=O, ketone (if within skeleton) or aldehyde (if at end of
skeleton), hydrophilic/ polar
carboxyl group - ANSWER--COOH, carboxylic acid or organic acid, polar
amino group - ANSWER-NH2, amino acids, polar
phosphate group - ANSWER--PO4 2-, organic phosphate in many important chemical
reactions, polar
sulfhydryl group - ANSWER--SH, thiol, nonpolar
methyl group - ANSWER-CH3, methylated compound, nonreactive (tag on biological
molecules, polar
, steroid sex hormone function - ANSWER-change shape of molecule with attached
chemical group
vitalism - ANSWER-only organisms can make organic molecules (disproved with urea
by German scientist)
mechanism - ANSWER-follow-up to vitalism; physical and chemical laws govern all
natural phenomena
carbon cycle - ANSWER-the series of processes by which carbon compounds are
interconverted in the environment; involving the incorporation of carbon dioxide into
organisms by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere by cellular respiration,
decomposition of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels
Macromolecules - ANSWER-A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller
molecules
Synthesis of macromolecules - ANSWER-requires enzymes; dehydration reaction,
usually
hydrolysis - ANSWER-Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of
water
Monosaccharides - ANSWER-single sugar units with basic formula of CH2O; has
carbonyl and hydroxyl groups in 3-7 carbon rings in aqueous solutions
carbon ring names - ANSWER-triose (3 carbons), pentose (5), hexose (6); classed by
location of carbonyl group and number of Carbons
Examples of monosaccharides - ANSWER-glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharide - ANSWER-A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by
dehydration synthesis
Name of carbohydrate polymer-building reaction - ANSWER-glycosidic linkage
examples of disaccharides - ANSWER-sucrose, lactose, maltose
Polysaccharides - ANSWER-Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two
monosaccharides; storage and structural types
storage polysaccharides - ANSWER-starch (plants- branched or unbranched) and
glycogen (animals' livers and muscles); release when needed
structural polysaccharides - ANSWER-cellulose and chitin
