BS 161 MSU Exam 2 questions with verified answers
Actinfilaments Ans✓✓✓ actin filaments, two protein chains of actin subunits,
constant assembly/disassembly, divides cell at end of cycle, muscle function
Anabolic pathways Ans✓✓✓ Anabolic pathways
• Build complicated
molecules from simpler
ones
• Consume energy
- Examples: protein synthesis (translation), photosynthesis
Are enzymes consumes by their reactions? Ans✓✓✓ no
Are enzymes specific for their substrates? Ans✓✓✓ yes
Catabolic pathways Ans✓✓✓ Catabolic pathways
• Break down complex
molecules into simpler
compounds
• Release energy
- Example: respiration
Cellular respiration equation Ans✓✓✓ C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O
,Cellulose Ans✓✓✓ has b1->6 linkages and serves as a
structural support in the plant cell wall.
Compare the structure and functions of smooth and rough ER Ans✓✓✓ Smooth
ER- no ribosomes, enzymes involved in phospholipids and steroid synthesis, carb
metabolism, detoxification of drugs/poison, storage/release of calcium ions
during muscle contraction
Rough ER- has ribosomes, manufactures membranes from a cell, assembles
phospholipids
Compare the structure, monomers, and function of the three types of filaments
Ans✓✓✓ microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
Define active transport Ans✓✓✓ the movement of a substance across a
membrane with the expenditure of energy, against it concentration gradient
mediated with specific transport proteins
Define diffusion Ans✓✓✓ the tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into
the available space
Define facilitated diffusion Ans✓✓✓ diffusion of polar molecules across a
membrane with the aid of transport proteins, wither channel proteins or carrier
proteins
Define osmosis Ans✓✓✓ The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable
membrane
Delta Ans✓✓✓ difference
, Delta G Ans✓✓✓ change in free energy, gives in a single term all of the energy
that can be extracted from a system
Demosomes Ans✓✓✓ (anchoring junctions) are reinforced by intermediate
filaments and rivets cells into strong sheets that keep cells together cohesion on
tissues
Describe the fluid mosaic model of a membrane structure Ans✓✓✓ a membrane
is a fluid structure with a "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in it
Describe the fusion of the cytoskeleton Ans✓✓✓ support the shape of cells,
anchor organelles in fixed location, moves materials
Describe the structure and roles of extracellular matrix in animal cells Ans✓✓✓
consists of collagen, elastin, fibronectin, integrin, protogycan, actin
(glycoproteins) Animal cells lack cell walls covered by matrix, ECM bind to
receptor proteins in plasma membrane and facilitate interactions between
intercellular and extracellular environments
Describe the two forces that combine to produce and electrochemical gradient
Ans✓✓✓ combination if chemical force ( the ions concentration gradient) and
electrical force (the effect of the membrane potential on the ions movement)
Descrive the process of contransport Ans✓✓✓ A mechanism through which the
active transport of a south is indirectly driven by and ATP powered pump that
transports another against its gradient. Ad that transported substance diffuses
back down its concentration gradient through a contransporter, the solute is
carried against its gradient across the membrane
Actinfilaments Ans✓✓✓ actin filaments, two protein chains of actin subunits,
constant assembly/disassembly, divides cell at end of cycle, muscle function
Anabolic pathways Ans✓✓✓ Anabolic pathways
• Build complicated
molecules from simpler
ones
• Consume energy
- Examples: protein synthesis (translation), photosynthesis
Are enzymes consumes by their reactions? Ans✓✓✓ no
Are enzymes specific for their substrates? Ans✓✓✓ yes
Catabolic pathways Ans✓✓✓ Catabolic pathways
• Break down complex
molecules into simpler
compounds
• Release energy
- Example: respiration
Cellular respiration equation Ans✓✓✓ C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O
,Cellulose Ans✓✓✓ has b1->6 linkages and serves as a
structural support in the plant cell wall.
Compare the structure and functions of smooth and rough ER Ans✓✓✓ Smooth
ER- no ribosomes, enzymes involved in phospholipids and steroid synthesis, carb
metabolism, detoxification of drugs/poison, storage/release of calcium ions
during muscle contraction
Rough ER- has ribosomes, manufactures membranes from a cell, assembles
phospholipids
Compare the structure, monomers, and function of the three types of filaments
Ans✓✓✓ microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
Define active transport Ans✓✓✓ the movement of a substance across a
membrane with the expenditure of energy, against it concentration gradient
mediated with specific transport proteins
Define diffusion Ans✓✓✓ the tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into
the available space
Define facilitated diffusion Ans✓✓✓ diffusion of polar molecules across a
membrane with the aid of transport proteins, wither channel proteins or carrier
proteins
Define osmosis Ans✓✓✓ The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable
membrane
Delta Ans✓✓✓ difference
, Delta G Ans✓✓✓ change in free energy, gives in a single term all of the energy
that can be extracted from a system
Demosomes Ans✓✓✓ (anchoring junctions) are reinforced by intermediate
filaments and rivets cells into strong sheets that keep cells together cohesion on
tissues
Describe the fluid mosaic model of a membrane structure Ans✓✓✓ a membrane
is a fluid structure with a "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in it
Describe the fusion of the cytoskeleton Ans✓✓✓ support the shape of cells,
anchor organelles in fixed location, moves materials
Describe the structure and roles of extracellular matrix in animal cells Ans✓✓✓
consists of collagen, elastin, fibronectin, integrin, protogycan, actin
(glycoproteins) Animal cells lack cell walls covered by matrix, ECM bind to
receptor proteins in plasma membrane and facilitate interactions between
intercellular and extracellular environments
Describe the two forces that combine to produce and electrochemical gradient
Ans✓✓✓ combination if chemical force ( the ions concentration gradient) and
electrical force (the effect of the membrane potential on the ions movement)
Descrive the process of contransport Ans✓✓✓ A mechanism through which the
active transport of a south is indirectly driven by and ATP powered pump that
transports another against its gradient. Ad that transported substance diffuses
back down its concentration gradient through a contransporter, the solute is
carried against its gradient across the membrane
