NUR 100 final exam study guide with correct
answers
agonist vs antagonist - correct answersAgonist = "Booster"
mimic/enhance drug action
E.g. Albuterol stimulates
beta receptors in lung to relax
smooth muscle
Antagonist = "Blocker"
Prevents drug action
E.g. Antihistamines block histamine receptors
Pharmacodynamics vs. Pharmacokinetics - correct answersPharmacodynamics 1
How drug affects body
Chemical interactions
Interaction when taking more than 1 drug
Watch for drug compatibility
Combination may produce a different response (e.g. Iron interferes with absorption of
levothyroxine)
Pharmacodynamics 2
Drug-receptor interactions:
Agonist = "Booster"
,mimic/enhance drug action
E.g. Albuterol stimulates
beta receptors in lung to relax
smooth muscle
Antagonist = "Blocker"
Prevents drug action
E.g. Antihistamines block histamine receptors
Pharmacokinetics
How body affects drug
Absorption
Drugs must be absorbed into bloodstream
Distribution
Drugs carried to target cells/sites/organs
Metabolism
Drugs broken down - mostly in liver
Excretion
Drugs removed from body - mostly by kidney or feces
Clinical Trials and purpeses - correct answersClinical Trials 1
Pre-clinical testing
In animals look at toxicity & possible useful effects
Phase I
20-80 healthy human volunteers
Assess safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics & pharmacodynamics
, Phase II
100-300 patients with targeted problem
Assess how well drug works on the actual medical problem
Study dosage range & effectiveness
Clinical Trials 2
Phase III
Randomized controlled trials comparing effectiveness of new drug vs current "gold standard"
treatment
Must be at least as effective as current drug. CAN'T be less
Phase IV
Surveillance of safety after marketed/sold
**Some drugs get accelerated approval (e.g. meds for AIDS, Cancer... ) because they are so
desperately needed
Early approval given even if benefits are marginal
Willing to risk unknown side effects
May skip Phase IV & be approved at Phase III with understanding that rigorous follow up
studies must be done.
Trade or Brand vs. Generic - correct answersTrade or Brand - Name given by company with
original patent
E.g. - Tylenol
Generic - may be produced by other companies after patent is done
E.g. - Acetaminophen
answers
agonist vs antagonist - correct answersAgonist = "Booster"
mimic/enhance drug action
E.g. Albuterol stimulates
beta receptors in lung to relax
smooth muscle
Antagonist = "Blocker"
Prevents drug action
E.g. Antihistamines block histamine receptors
Pharmacodynamics vs. Pharmacokinetics - correct answersPharmacodynamics 1
How drug affects body
Chemical interactions
Interaction when taking more than 1 drug
Watch for drug compatibility
Combination may produce a different response (e.g. Iron interferes with absorption of
levothyroxine)
Pharmacodynamics 2
Drug-receptor interactions:
Agonist = "Booster"
,mimic/enhance drug action
E.g. Albuterol stimulates
beta receptors in lung to relax
smooth muscle
Antagonist = "Blocker"
Prevents drug action
E.g. Antihistamines block histamine receptors
Pharmacokinetics
How body affects drug
Absorption
Drugs must be absorbed into bloodstream
Distribution
Drugs carried to target cells/sites/organs
Metabolism
Drugs broken down - mostly in liver
Excretion
Drugs removed from body - mostly by kidney or feces
Clinical Trials and purpeses - correct answersClinical Trials 1
Pre-clinical testing
In animals look at toxicity & possible useful effects
Phase I
20-80 healthy human volunteers
Assess safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics & pharmacodynamics
, Phase II
100-300 patients with targeted problem
Assess how well drug works on the actual medical problem
Study dosage range & effectiveness
Clinical Trials 2
Phase III
Randomized controlled trials comparing effectiveness of new drug vs current "gold standard"
treatment
Must be at least as effective as current drug. CAN'T be less
Phase IV
Surveillance of safety after marketed/sold
**Some drugs get accelerated approval (e.g. meds for AIDS, Cancer... ) because they are so
desperately needed
Early approval given even if benefits are marginal
Willing to risk unknown side effects
May skip Phase IV & be approved at Phase III with understanding that rigorous follow up
studies must be done.
Trade or Brand vs. Generic - correct answersTrade or Brand - Name given by company with
original patent
E.g. - Tylenol
Generic - may be produced by other companies after patent is done
E.g. - Acetaminophen
