1407 Exam 3 Outline
Chapter 21
3 kinds of diets- Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores
4 ways to obtain/ingest food
1. Filter feeders- sift small organisms or food particles from water
2. Substrate feeders- live in or on food source and eat their way through it
3. Fluid feeders- suck nutrient-rich fluids from a living host
4. Bulk feeders- ingest large pieces of food
4 stages to food processing
1. Ingestion- act of eating
2. Digestion- breaking down of food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb
3. Absorption- take up of the products of digestion by the cells lining the digestive tract
4. Elimination- removal of the undigested materials from the digestive tract
Specialized compartments for digestion
o Vacuoles- sponges and protists digest food in vacuoles
o Gastrovascular cavity- the mouth of cnidarians and flatworms
Function- food enters the mouth , enzymes from the cells lining gastrovascular
cavity break down the food, and undigested material are expelled back out the
mouth
o Alimentary canal- with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other
Into pharynx/throat, down the esophagus to crop (where food is softened n
stored), gizzard (where food is ground n stores), more common a stomach where
food is ground and stored, then to intestines where chemical digestion nutrient
absorption occur
Adaptations of digestive systems- alimentary canals are relative to body size: longer in
herbivores/omnivores, shorter in carnivores
i. Many herbivores have specializations of the gut that promotes the growth of cellulose
digesting bacteria b/c these animals lack enzymes needed to digest cellulose in plants
ii. Mutualistic organisms may be housed in the cecum for coyote/koalas, large intestine and
cecum in rabbits/some rodents, stomach of ruminants
Metabolism
o Calorie- amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a gram of water by one
celsius
o Kilocalorie- when discussing human diet and activity, 1kcal=1000 calories
o BMR- basal metabolic rate is the energy a resting animal requires a day
o Metabolic rate- is the BMR plus the energy needed for physical activity
Excess energy is stored as fat and glycogen
4 classes of essential nutrients
, 1. Essential fatty acids- such as linoleic acid used to make phospholipids of cells
membranes found in seeds, grains, and vegetables
2. Essential amino acids- used to make proteins found in meats, eggs, and cheese
3. Vitamins- organic nutrient required in small amounts
4. Mineral- inorganic nutrients required in small amounts
Chapter 22
Gas exchange- involves the respiratory and circulatory systems
o Cellular respiration
o 3 phases in lunged animals
1. Breathing
2. Transport of gases by the circulatory system
3. Exchange of gases with body cells, body tissues take up O2 and releasing CO2
Respiratory surface- part of animals’ body where gas exchange with the environment occurs
o Specialized body parts for gas exchange in different animal groups
Gills- promote gas exchange in aquatic animals
Countercurrent exchange- transfer of a substance such as oxygen
between two fluids in opposite directions
Water holds only 3% oxygen air
Cold water holds oxygen than warm water, fresh water holds more
oxygen than salt water
Tracheal systems- gas exchange in insects
Insect tracheal system use tiny branching tubes that reduce water loss
and deliver air directly to cells
Lungs- in terrestrial vertebras
Evolution of them- tetreapods have evolved in shallow water, fossil fish
w/legs had lungs and gills, legs may helped them lift up to gulp air
Fossil fish- Tiktaalik
Three lineages of land animals and lung types
1. Amphibians- use small lungs and rely heavily on diffusion of
gases across body surfaces
2. Nonbird reptiles- have lower metabolic rates and simpler lungs
3. Birds and mammals- higher metabolic rates and complex lungs
Chapter 23- Circulatory
1. Function of circulatory system-acquire nutrients, exchange gases
2. Gastrovascular cavity in cnidarians and flatworms functions in digestion and distributes
substances and throughout the body
3. Components of true circulatory system consists a heart, blood, and a set of tubes called vessels
to carry circulatory fluid (blood)
Chapter 21
3 kinds of diets- Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores
4 ways to obtain/ingest food
1. Filter feeders- sift small organisms or food particles from water
2. Substrate feeders- live in or on food source and eat their way through it
3. Fluid feeders- suck nutrient-rich fluids from a living host
4. Bulk feeders- ingest large pieces of food
4 stages to food processing
1. Ingestion- act of eating
2. Digestion- breaking down of food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb
3. Absorption- take up of the products of digestion by the cells lining the digestive tract
4. Elimination- removal of the undigested materials from the digestive tract
Specialized compartments for digestion
o Vacuoles- sponges and protists digest food in vacuoles
o Gastrovascular cavity- the mouth of cnidarians and flatworms
Function- food enters the mouth , enzymes from the cells lining gastrovascular
cavity break down the food, and undigested material are expelled back out the
mouth
o Alimentary canal- with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other
Into pharynx/throat, down the esophagus to crop (where food is softened n
stored), gizzard (where food is ground n stores), more common a stomach where
food is ground and stored, then to intestines where chemical digestion nutrient
absorption occur
Adaptations of digestive systems- alimentary canals are relative to body size: longer in
herbivores/omnivores, shorter in carnivores
i. Many herbivores have specializations of the gut that promotes the growth of cellulose
digesting bacteria b/c these animals lack enzymes needed to digest cellulose in plants
ii. Mutualistic organisms may be housed in the cecum for coyote/koalas, large intestine and
cecum in rabbits/some rodents, stomach of ruminants
Metabolism
o Calorie- amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a gram of water by one
celsius
o Kilocalorie- when discussing human diet and activity, 1kcal=1000 calories
o BMR- basal metabolic rate is the energy a resting animal requires a day
o Metabolic rate- is the BMR plus the energy needed for physical activity
Excess energy is stored as fat and glycogen
4 classes of essential nutrients
, 1. Essential fatty acids- such as linoleic acid used to make phospholipids of cells
membranes found in seeds, grains, and vegetables
2. Essential amino acids- used to make proteins found in meats, eggs, and cheese
3. Vitamins- organic nutrient required in small amounts
4. Mineral- inorganic nutrients required in small amounts
Chapter 22
Gas exchange- involves the respiratory and circulatory systems
o Cellular respiration
o 3 phases in lunged animals
1. Breathing
2. Transport of gases by the circulatory system
3. Exchange of gases with body cells, body tissues take up O2 and releasing CO2
Respiratory surface- part of animals’ body where gas exchange with the environment occurs
o Specialized body parts for gas exchange in different animal groups
Gills- promote gas exchange in aquatic animals
Countercurrent exchange- transfer of a substance such as oxygen
between two fluids in opposite directions
Water holds only 3% oxygen air
Cold water holds oxygen than warm water, fresh water holds more
oxygen than salt water
Tracheal systems- gas exchange in insects
Insect tracheal system use tiny branching tubes that reduce water loss
and deliver air directly to cells
Lungs- in terrestrial vertebras
Evolution of them- tetreapods have evolved in shallow water, fossil fish
w/legs had lungs and gills, legs may helped them lift up to gulp air
Fossil fish- Tiktaalik
Three lineages of land animals and lung types
1. Amphibians- use small lungs and rely heavily on diffusion of
gases across body surfaces
2. Nonbird reptiles- have lower metabolic rates and simpler lungs
3. Birds and mammals- higher metabolic rates and complex lungs
Chapter 23- Circulatory
1. Function of circulatory system-acquire nutrients, exchange gases
2. Gastrovascular cavity in cnidarians and flatworms functions in digestion and distributes
substances and throughout the body
3. Components of true circulatory system consists a heart, blood, and a set of tubes called vessels
to carry circulatory fluid (blood)
