!
!
!
!
!
! Unit 4 Guided Notes
!
!
! 2" and
Children between the ages of ______ 6" " tend
" _____years " to grow
" "
about 3 inches in height
_____
! 4" to "____
and gain about ____ 5 pounds in weight each year. Just as in infancy, growth occurs in
! spurts rather than continually.
!
! According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000) the average 2-year-old
! weighs between _____
23" and" ______28 pounds and stands between 33 and 35 inches tall. The
! average 6-year-old weighs between _____40" and 50 pounds and is about 44 to 47 inches in
" _____
height. The 3-year-old is still very similar to a toddler with a large head, large stomach, short
!
arms and legs. By the time the child reaches age 6, however, the torso has lengthened, and body
!
proportions have become more like those of adults.
!
! Reduced appetite
This growth rate is slower than that of infancy and is accompanied by a __________
! between the ages of 2 and 6. This change can sometimes be surprising to parents and lead to the
! development of poor eating habits. However, children between the ages of 2 and 3 need
! 1,000" to ________
________ 1,400 calories, while children between the ages of 4 and 8 need ________
1,200 to
! ________
2,000 calories.
!
! 75 percent its adult weight by three years of age. By age 6, it is at _____
The brain is about _____ 95
! percent its adult weight.
!
! Left hemisphere__________
of the brain undergoes a growth spurt between ages 3 and 6, and this results
The ____________
! in improved coordination between right and left hemisphere tasks.
!
! Examples of basic skills for locomotion:
!
! ¥ Running!
! ¥ Jumping !
! ¥ Skipping
!
!
! Changes in Gross & Fine Motors Skills:
!
! Age
" 2: Gross - kick a ball w/o losing balance, pick up objects while standing, run with better coordination!
Fine - turn one page at a time, build a tower of 6 to 7 cubes, able to put on simple clothes without help
!
Age
" 3: Gross - balance and hop on one foot, walk up stairs alternating feet (w/o holding rail), pedal tricycle!
! Fine - build block tower more than 9 cubes, copy a circle, draw a person with 3 parts, feed self easily
! Age
" 4: Gross - shows improved balance, hops on one foot without losing balance, throws a ball overhand!
! Fine - cut out picture using scissors, draw a square, use spoon and fork, puts of clothes properly
! Age
" 5: Gross - better coordination, skips, jumps, and hops with good balance, stand of one foot w/ eyes closed!
! Fine - copy a triangle, use a knife to spread soft foods, show more skills with writing utensils
!
! Toilet training typically occurs during the first ________
Two years of early childhood
!
!
!
!
,!
!
!
!
!
! Notes about toilet training:
! Children master daytime bladder control Þrst within two to three months of consistent toilet
! training. Nap and night time training might take months or even years
!
! Enuresis
_____________________, or the repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes (involuntary or
! Encopresis
intentional) and ___________________, the repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places
! (involuntary or intentional).
!
! Notes About Sexual Development:
! Infancy: boys and girls are capable of erections and vaginal lubrication even before birth !
! Early childhood: self-stimulation is common in early childhood for boys and girls. Boys
! masturbate more often and touch themselves more openly than do girls
!
!
What is the “just right” phenomenon?
!
! Children desire consistency and may be upset if there are even slight changes to their
! daily routines. They may do something until they feel Òjust rightÓ
!
! Malnutrition due to insufficient food is not common in developed nations, like the United States,
! Balanced diet ___________.
yet many children lack a _______________
!
!
! Tips For Establishing Healthy Eating Habits:
! • Recognize that appetite varies !
! • Keep it pleasant !
! • No short order chefs !
! • Limit choices!
! • Serve balanced meals!
! • Do not bribe
!
! Preoperational
Piaget’s stage that coincides with early childhood is the _____________________ stage.
! 2" to" _____
According to Piaget, this stage occurs from the age of _____ 7 years. In the
! Symbols
preoperational stage, children use ______________ to represent words, images, and ideas, which
! is why children in this stage engage in pretend play.
!
!
! Operational
____________________ refers to logical manipulation of information, so children at this stage
are considered pre-operational. Children’s logic is based on their own personal knowledge of the
!
world so far, rather than on conventional knowledge.
!
!
! Symbolic
The preoperational period is divided into two stages: The _________________ function substage
! occurs between 2 and 4 years of age and is characterized by the child being able to mentally
!
!
!
!
!
,!
!
!
!
!
! represent an object that is not present and a dependence on perception in problem solving. The
! Intuitive
__________________ thought substage, lasting from 4 to 7 years, is marked by greater
dependence on intuitive thinking rather than just perception. This implies that children think
!
automatically without using evidence.
!
! Notes About Pretend Play:
!
! A toy has qualities beyond the way it was designed to function and can now be used
! to stand for a character or object unlike anything originally intended!
! Piaget believed that childrenÕs pretend play helped children solidify new schemata
! they were developing cognitively
!
!
! Egocentrism
_____________________ in early childhood refers to the tendency of young children not to be
! able to take the perspective of others, and instead the child thinks that everyone sees, thinks, and
feels just as they do.
!
!
! Conservation
______________________ refers to the ability to recognize that moving or rearranging matter
! does not change the quantity.
!
!
! Centration
____________________ or focused on only one characteristic of an object to the exclusion of
! others.
!
! ClassiÞed
Preoperational children have difficulty understanding that an object can be _________________
! in more than one way.
!
Transductive
_____________________, that is, making faulty inferences from one specific example to
!
another.
!
!
! Animism
_________________ refers to attributing life-like qualities to objects.
!
!
! Notes About Critiques of Piaget:
! Children can think rationally on mathematical and scientiÞc tasks, and they are not as
! egocentric as Piaget implied. Research on the theory of mind demonstrated that
! children overcome egocentrism by 4 or 5 years of age, which is sooner than Piaget
! indicated
!
!
VygotskyÕs best known concept is the zone of
! _____________________________________
proximal development Vygotsky stated that children should be taught in
! Almost
the ZPD, which occurs when they can ______________ perform a task, but not quite on their
! own without assistance.
!
!
!
!
!
, !
!
!
!
!
!
!
Scaffolding
_______________________ is the temporary support that parents or teachers give a child to do a
!
task.
!
! What is private speech?
! Talking to yourself - occurs when you are struggling with a problem, trying to
! remember something or feel very emotional about a situation
!
! Egocentric speech
_____________________ ________________ or speech that is focused on the child and does
! not include another’s point of view.
!
!
!
Inner
Private speech = ___________ speech
!
!
! Strategies""
In early childhood memory _______________, " accuracy
" ________________,
memory and
! Autobiographical
_______________________memory emerge.
!
!
! The ability to switch our focus between tasks or external stimuli is called
! Divided _________________
____________________ attention" " multi-tasking
"or ___________________.
!
!
! Our ability to focus on a single task or stimulus, while ignoring distracting information, called
! Selective
__________________ attention
____________________.
!
! Sustained attention
__________________ _____________________, or the ability to stay on task for long periods
! of time.
!
!
! Sensory
_________________ First stage of the
memory (also called the sensory register) is the ________
! Raw
memory system, and it stores sensory input in its _________ form for a very brief duration;
! essentially long enough for the brain to register and start processing the information.
!
!
! Second
The _______________ Working
stage of the memory system is called short-term or ________________
! Current
memory. Working memory is the component of memory in which ______________ conscious
mental activity occurs. Working memory often requires conscious effort and adequate use of
!
attention to function effectively.
!
!
! Amount " " of _______________
The capacity of working memory, that is the ___________ information someone can
! Consciousness
hold in ____________________, is smaller in young children than in older children and adults.
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! Unit 4 Guided Notes
!
!
! 2" and
Children between the ages of ______ 6" " tend
" _____years " to grow
" "
about 3 inches in height
_____
! 4" to "____
and gain about ____ 5 pounds in weight each year. Just as in infancy, growth occurs in
! spurts rather than continually.
!
! According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000) the average 2-year-old
! weighs between _____
23" and" ______28 pounds and stands between 33 and 35 inches tall. The
! average 6-year-old weighs between _____40" and 50 pounds and is about 44 to 47 inches in
" _____
height. The 3-year-old is still very similar to a toddler with a large head, large stomach, short
!
arms and legs. By the time the child reaches age 6, however, the torso has lengthened, and body
!
proportions have become more like those of adults.
!
! Reduced appetite
This growth rate is slower than that of infancy and is accompanied by a __________
! between the ages of 2 and 6. This change can sometimes be surprising to parents and lead to the
! development of poor eating habits. However, children between the ages of 2 and 3 need
! 1,000" to ________
________ 1,400 calories, while children between the ages of 4 and 8 need ________
1,200 to
! ________
2,000 calories.
!
! 75 percent its adult weight by three years of age. By age 6, it is at _____
The brain is about _____ 95
! percent its adult weight.
!
! Left hemisphere__________
of the brain undergoes a growth spurt between ages 3 and 6, and this results
The ____________
! in improved coordination between right and left hemisphere tasks.
!
! Examples of basic skills for locomotion:
!
! ¥ Running!
! ¥ Jumping !
! ¥ Skipping
!
!
! Changes in Gross & Fine Motors Skills:
!
! Age
" 2: Gross - kick a ball w/o losing balance, pick up objects while standing, run with better coordination!
Fine - turn one page at a time, build a tower of 6 to 7 cubes, able to put on simple clothes without help
!
Age
" 3: Gross - balance and hop on one foot, walk up stairs alternating feet (w/o holding rail), pedal tricycle!
! Fine - build block tower more than 9 cubes, copy a circle, draw a person with 3 parts, feed self easily
! Age
" 4: Gross - shows improved balance, hops on one foot without losing balance, throws a ball overhand!
! Fine - cut out picture using scissors, draw a square, use spoon and fork, puts of clothes properly
! Age
" 5: Gross - better coordination, skips, jumps, and hops with good balance, stand of one foot w/ eyes closed!
! Fine - copy a triangle, use a knife to spread soft foods, show more skills with writing utensils
!
! Toilet training typically occurs during the first ________
Two years of early childhood
!
!
!
!
,!
!
!
!
!
! Notes about toilet training:
! Children master daytime bladder control Þrst within two to three months of consistent toilet
! training. Nap and night time training might take months or even years
!
! Enuresis
_____________________, or the repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes (involuntary or
! Encopresis
intentional) and ___________________, the repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places
! (involuntary or intentional).
!
! Notes About Sexual Development:
! Infancy: boys and girls are capable of erections and vaginal lubrication even before birth !
! Early childhood: self-stimulation is common in early childhood for boys and girls. Boys
! masturbate more often and touch themselves more openly than do girls
!
!
What is the “just right” phenomenon?
!
! Children desire consistency and may be upset if there are even slight changes to their
! daily routines. They may do something until they feel Òjust rightÓ
!
! Malnutrition due to insufficient food is not common in developed nations, like the United States,
! Balanced diet ___________.
yet many children lack a _______________
!
!
! Tips For Establishing Healthy Eating Habits:
! • Recognize that appetite varies !
! • Keep it pleasant !
! • No short order chefs !
! • Limit choices!
! • Serve balanced meals!
! • Do not bribe
!
! Preoperational
Piaget’s stage that coincides with early childhood is the _____________________ stage.
! 2" to" _____
According to Piaget, this stage occurs from the age of _____ 7 years. In the
! Symbols
preoperational stage, children use ______________ to represent words, images, and ideas, which
! is why children in this stage engage in pretend play.
!
!
! Operational
____________________ refers to logical manipulation of information, so children at this stage
are considered pre-operational. Children’s logic is based on their own personal knowledge of the
!
world so far, rather than on conventional knowledge.
!
!
! Symbolic
The preoperational period is divided into two stages: The _________________ function substage
! occurs between 2 and 4 years of age and is characterized by the child being able to mentally
!
!
!
!
!
,!
!
!
!
!
! represent an object that is not present and a dependence on perception in problem solving. The
! Intuitive
__________________ thought substage, lasting from 4 to 7 years, is marked by greater
dependence on intuitive thinking rather than just perception. This implies that children think
!
automatically without using evidence.
!
! Notes About Pretend Play:
!
! A toy has qualities beyond the way it was designed to function and can now be used
! to stand for a character or object unlike anything originally intended!
! Piaget believed that childrenÕs pretend play helped children solidify new schemata
! they were developing cognitively
!
!
! Egocentrism
_____________________ in early childhood refers to the tendency of young children not to be
! able to take the perspective of others, and instead the child thinks that everyone sees, thinks, and
feels just as they do.
!
!
! Conservation
______________________ refers to the ability to recognize that moving or rearranging matter
! does not change the quantity.
!
!
! Centration
____________________ or focused on only one characteristic of an object to the exclusion of
! others.
!
! ClassiÞed
Preoperational children have difficulty understanding that an object can be _________________
! in more than one way.
!
Transductive
_____________________, that is, making faulty inferences from one specific example to
!
another.
!
!
! Animism
_________________ refers to attributing life-like qualities to objects.
!
!
! Notes About Critiques of Piaget:
! Children can think rationally on mathematical and scientiÞc tasks, and they are not as
! egocentric as Piaget implied. Research on the theory of mind demonstrated that
! children overcome egocentrism by 4 or 5 years of age, which is sooner than Piaget
! indicated
!
!
VygotskyÕs best known concept is the zone of
! _____________________________________
proximal development Vygotsky stated that children should be taught in
! Almost
the ZPD, which occurs when they can ______________ perform a task, but not quite on their
! own without assistance.
!
!
!
!
!
, !
!
!
!
!
!
!
Scaffolding
_______________________ is the temporary support that parents or teachers give a child to do a
!
task.
!
! What is private speech?
! Talking to yourself - occurs when you are struggling with a problem, trying to
! remember something or feel very emotional about a situation
!
! Egocentric speech
_____________________ ________________ or speech that is focused on the child and does
! not include another’s point of view.
!
!
!
Inner
Private speech = ___________ speech
!
!
! Strategies""
In early childhood memory _______________, " accuracy
" ________________,
memory and
! Autobiographical
_______________________memory emerge.
!
!
! The ability to switch our focus between tasks or external stimuli is called
! Divided _________________
____________________ attention" " multi-tasking
"or ___________________.
!
!
! Our ability to focus on a single task or stimulus, while ignoring distracting information, called
! Selective
__________________ attention
____________________.
!
! Sustained attention
__________________ _____________________, or the ability to stay on task for long periods
! of time.
!
!
! Sensory
_________________ First stage of the
memory (also called the sensory register) is the ________
! Raw
memory system, and it stores sensory input in its _________ form for a very brief duration;
! essentially long enough for the brain to register and start processing the information.
!
!
! Second
The _______________ Working
stage of the memory system is called short-term or ________________
! Current
memory. Working memory is the component of memory in which ______________ conscious
mental activity occurs. Working memory often requires conscious effort and adequate use of
!
attention to function effectively.
!
!
! Amount " " of _______________
The capacity of working memory, that is the ___________ information someone can
! Consciousness
hold in ____________________, is smaller in young children than in older children and adults.
!
!
!
!
!
