Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotion
MOTIVATION
- The urge to move toward one’s goals; to accomplish tasks.
- an energetic push toward accomplishing tasks, such as getting dinner, getting rich, and getting lucky.
needs
- Inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives.
- are states of cellular or bodily deficiency that compel drives.
drives
- The perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need, creating an urge to relieve the tension
- occur when our bodies are deficient in some internal need. If we are extremely thirsty, we are driven to drink.
- If drives push us into action, then incentives pull us into action.
incentive
- Any external object or event that motivates behavior.
Models of Motivation
- The Drive Reduction Model
- Central to drive reduction is the idea of maintaining physiological balance, or homeostasis
homeostasis
- The process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium, or balance around
an optimal set point
- all bodies aim to maintain physiological equilibrium around an optimal set point, the ideal, fixed
setting of a particular physiological system.
- Set points are important mechanisms that allow homeostasis to work.
FIGURE 2
- MODELS OF HOMEOSTASIS. Detectors in the brain stabilize the body’s physiological state by comparing
the current state (for example, blood sugar level, body fluids, body temperature) to a set point.
- If the body is far from the set point, the organism is motivated to correct the imbalance (for example, by seeking food or putting on a sweater).
- Sensory feedback to the brain tells it when the set point has been achieved, and the brain
then tells the body to stop correcting. This feedback system keeps the body’s physiological
systems at their ideal set point (Berridge,
2004)
The Optimal Arousal Model
Yerkes-Dodson law
- The principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance
, MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
- the top level in the hierarchy is the need for self-actualization
self-actualization
- The inherent drive to realize one’s full potential.
- Hunger: Survival of the Individual
- The rate at which we consume energy is known as metabolism.
glucose
- A simple sugar that provides energy for cells throughout the body, including the brain
- is the most important source of energy for the body
The Psychology of What We Eat
- What we eat is shaped by both nature and nurture
- We crave foods that are essential to our bodies but that were scarce during early periods of human evolution,
but we also learn to like and crave particular foods common in our culture.
Eating Disorders
anorexia nervosa
- An eating disorder in which people cannot maintain 85% of their ideal body weight for their height, have an
intense fear of eating, and have a distorted body image.
- involves an extreme fear about being overweight that leads to a severe restriction of food intake
bulimia nervosa
- An eating disorder characterized by binge eating and a perceived lack of control during the eating session
- Binge eating involves eating much more food at one time than the average person would, such as having a half gallon of ice cream as a late-night
snack
- A person with bulimia regularly engages in self-induced vomiting, the use of laxatives or diuretics, strict dieting or fasting, or vigorous exercise in
order to prevent weight gain.
sexual behavior
- Actions that produce arousal and increase the likelihood of orgasm
- men and women go through four phases of sexual arousal—excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
The Need to Excel: Achievement
achievement motivation
- A desire to do things well and overcome obstacles.
- Your m otivation to succeed is the extent to which you want to be successful, which differs for everyone.
- Expectation of success is an individual’s evaluation of the likelihood of succeeding at a task.
- Your evaluation of your performance in this course consists of two beliefs: whether you have the ability to do well and what the actual outcome is likely
to be.
- Incentive value stems from two factors.
- First, success at the task has to be important to you.
- Second, the more difficult the task and the lower the odds of succeeding at it, the more meaningful and satisfying it’ll be if you do succeed.
MOTIVATION
- The urge to move toward one’s goals; to accomplish tasks.
- an energetic push toward accomplishing tasks, such as getting dinner, getting rich, and getting lucky.
needs
- Inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives.
- are states of cellular or bodily deficiency that compel drives.
drives
- The perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need, creating an urge to relieve the tension
- occur when our bodies are deficient in some internal need. If we are extremely thirsty, we are driven to drink.
- If drives push us into action, then incentives pull us into action.
incentive
- Any external object or event that motivates behavior.
Models of Motivation
- The Drive Reduction Model
- Central to drive reduction is the idea of maintaining physiological balance, or homeostasis
homeostasis
- The process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium, or balance around
an optimal set point
- all bodies aim to maintain physiological equilibrium around an optimal set point, the ideal, fixed
setting of a particular physiological system.
- Set points are important mechanisms that allow homeostasis to work.
FIGURE 2
- MODELS OF HOMEOSTASIS. Detectors in the brain stabilize the body’s physiological state by comparing
the current state (for example, blood sugar level, body fluids, body temperature) to a set point.
- If the body is far from the set point, the organism is motivated to correct the imbalance (for example, by seeking food or putting on a sweater).
- Sensory feedback to the brain tells it when the set point has been achieved, and the brain
then tells the body to stop correcting. This feedback system keeps the body’s physiological
systems at their ideal set point (Berridge,
2004)
The Optimal Arousal Model
Yerkes-Dodson law
- The principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance
, MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
- the top level in the hierarchy is the need for self-actualization
self-actualization
- The inherent drive to realize one’s full potential.
- Hunger: Survival of the Individual
- The rate at which we consume energy is known as metabolism.
glucose
- A simple sugar that provides energy for cells throughout the body, including the brain
- is the most important source of energy for the body
The Psychology of What We Eat
- What we eat is shaped by both nature and nurture
- We crave foods that are essential to our bodies but that were scarce during early periods of human evolution,
but we also learn to like and crave particular foods common in our culture.
Eating Disorders
anorexia nervosa
- An eating disorder in which people cannot maintain 85% of their ideal body weight for their height, have an
intense fear of eating, and have a distorted body image.
- involves an extreme fear about being overweight that leads to a severe restriction of food intake
bulimia nervosa
- An eating disorder characterized by binge eating and a perceived lack of control during the eating session
- Binge eating involves eating much more food at one time than the average person would, such as having a half gallon of ice cream as a late-night
snack
- A person with bulimia regularly engages in self-induced vomiting, the use of laxatives or diuretics, strict dieting or fasting, or vigorous exercise in
order to prevent weight gain.
sexual behavior
- Actions that produce arousal and increase the likelihood of orgasm
- men and women go through four phases of sexual arousal—excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
The Need to Excel: Achievement
achievement motivation
- A desire to do things well and overcome obstacles.
- Your m otivation to succeed is the extent to which you want to be successful, which differs for everyone.
- Expectation of success is an individual’s evaluation of the likelihood of succeeding at a task.
- Your evaluation of your performance in this course consists of two beliefs: whether you have the ability to do well and what the actual outcome is likely
to be.
- Incentive value stems from two factors.
- First, success at the task has to be important to you.
- Second, the more difficult the task and the lower the odds of succeeding at it, the more meaningful and satisfying it’ll be if you do succeed.
