WORLD GEOGRAPHY EXAM 1
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025 /
2026
sex - Answer-the biological category of male or
female; does not indicate how males or
females may behave or identify
themselves
gender - Answer-the ways a particular social
group defines the
differences between the
sexes
gender roles - Answer-the socially assigned
roles for males and
females
men vs women - Answer-Men are expected to fulfill public roles. Generally, men
work outside the home in positions such as executives,
animal herders, hunters, farmers, warriors, or government
leaders.
women vs men - Answer-- Women keep house, bear and rear children, care for the
elderly, grow and preserve food, and prepare the meals,
among many other tasks.
- Typically, women also have less access to education than
men. They are less likely to have access to information and
paid employment.
- When they work outside the home, most women retain
their household duties, so they work a double day.
- Despite these challenges, women around the world are
increasingly better educated and accomplished in various
fields.
women and education - Answer-Girls in developing countries that get 7+ years of
education marry later and have fewer children.
An extra year of secondary schooling over the average
for her locale boosts a girl's lifetime income by 15 to 25
percent.
Women and girls are more likely to invest in in their
families than men.
The children of educated mothers are healthier and
more likely to finish secondary school.
grandmother hypothesis - Answer-From the age of about 45,
women are no longer subject
,to the limits of pregnancy,
and most contribute in some
significant way to the wellbeing
of their adult children
and grandchildren, an
important social role.
A growing number of
biologists suggest that women
help succeeding generations
thrive. This notion—sometimes
labeled this —seems to have
worldwide validity.
reproduction and population growth - Answer-The shift toward greater gender
equality is having an
influence on population growth patterns, patterns of
economic development, and the distribution of power
within families, communities, and countries.
Generally, as modernization takes hold, there is a move
toward greater equality between the sexes. This shift is
influencing population growth rates because women,
presented with opportunities, choose to have fewer
children.
development - Answer-is a term usually used to
describe economic changes such as the
greater productivity of agriculture and
industry that lead to better standards of
living or simply to increased mass
consumption.
structure of economies - Answer-primary
secondary
tertiary
quarternary
gross national income (GNI) - Answer-the total production of goods and
services in a country in a given year divided by the mid-year
population.
look at examples on slides
demographic transition - Answer-the change from high birth
and death rates to low birth and death rates that
usually accompanies a cluster of other changes, such
as change from a subsistence to a cash economy,
increased education rates, and urbanization.
subsistence economy - Answer-an economy in which families
produce most of their own food, clothing, and shelter.
,cash economy - Answer-an economic system that tends to be
urban but may be rural, in which skilled workers, welltrained
specialists, and even farm laborers are paid in
money.
gender - Answer-In virtually all parts of the world, and for at least tens
of thousands of years, the biological fact of
maleness and femaleness has been translated into
specific roles for each sex. Men are expected to fulfill
public roles, while women fulfill private roles.
primary sector - Answer-industry: extraction
goods: mining, agriculture, forestry
secondary sector - Answer-industry: industrial production
goods: processing, manufacturing, construction
tertiary sector - Answer-industry: service
goods: financial services, sales, entertainment
quarternary sector - Answer-industry: information/services
goods: education, research, information technology.
gross domestic product (GDP) - Answer-measuring economic growth
-is a measure used by a variety of
disciplines that refers to the total market value of all goods and services
produced within a particular country's borders. it is often measured
per capita, meaning that it is divided by the total population.
gross national income (GNI) - Answer-is a measure of the total value of income in
a country. It is used more frequently by international agencies as well as
in the textbook.
purchasing power parity (PPP) - Answer-is
the amount that the local
currency equivalent of U.S.$1 will
purchase in a given country's
economy, which allows us to
understand the purchasing power
of currency.
disadvantages for GDP AND GNI - Answer-1. Obscures inequality because it is an
average at a national scale.
2. Purchasing power of currency varies across the globe.
3. Only measures the formal economy.
4. Does not take into account the expense that this income can have on
environmental sustainability, human rights, and human well-being.
measuring economic development - Answer-
, formal economy - Answer-comprises all aspects of the economy that
are officially recorded as part of a country's production.
informal economy - Answer-refers to work that is traded for in-kind
payments, such as food or housing, or for cash payments not
reported to the government as taxable income.
euro zone - Answer-- Those countries in the European Union that use the euro
currency
are part of this
- in which multiple countries use the same
currency.
What measures of GNI/GDP don't often take into account - Answer-Gender:
Researchers studying all types of societies and
cultures have shown that, on average, women perform about
60 percent of all the work done, and that much of this work is
unpaid and in the informal economy, not captured in
GNI/GDP figures.
Sustainability: Oil revenues are calculated as part of GNI, but
accidents, such as the Deepwater Horizon spill in 2010, can
have devastating effects on the environment that affect the
economy negatively in the long run.
Human well-being - Answer-can be understood by various measures of the extent to
which people are able to obtain a a healthy and socially rewarding standard
of living in an environment that is safe and sustainable.
UN Human Development Index (HDI) - Answer-evaluates a country's wellbeing
by calculating GNI adjusted for PPP, life expectancy, and educational
attainment.
United Nations Gender Equality Index (GEI) - Answer-is a composite measure
reflecting the degree to which there is inequality in achievements between
women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment,
and the labor market. A high rank indicates that the genders are tending
toward equality.
Human impact on the biosphere - Answer-The Anthropocene is a
geologic epoch during
which humans have had
an overwhelming impact
on Earth's biosphere.
biosphere - Answer-is the
entirety of Earth's
integrated physical
spheres, with humans and
other impacts included as
part of nature.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025 /
2026
sex - Answer-the biological category of male or
female; does not indicate how males or
females may behave or identify
themselves
gender - Answer-the ways a particular social
group defines the
differences between the
sexes
gender roles - Answer-the socially assigned
roles for males and
females
men vs women - Answer-Men are expected to fulfill public roles. Generally, men
work outside the home in positions such as executives,
animal herders, hunters, farmers, warriors, or government
leaders.
women vs men - Answer-- Women keep house, bear and rear children, care for the
elderly, grow and preserve food, and prepare the meals,
among many other tasks.
- Typically, women also have less access to education than
men. They are less likely to have access to information and
paid employment.
- When they work outside the home, most women retain
their household duties, so they work a double day.
- Despite these challenges, women around the world are
increasingly better educated and accomplished in various
fields.
women and education - Answer-Girls in developing countries that get 7+ years of
education marry later and have fewer children.
An extra year of secondary schooling over the average
for her locale boosts a girl's lifetime income by 15 to 25
percent.
Women and girls are more likely to invest in in their
families than men.
The children of educated mothers are healthier and
more likely to finish secondary school.
grandmother hypothesis - Answer-From the age of about 45,
women are no longer subject
,to the limits of pregnancy,
and most contribute in some
significant way to the wellbeing
of their adult children
and grandchildren, an
important social role.
A growing number of
biologists suggest that women
help succeeding generations
thrive. This notion—sometimes
labeled this —seems to have
worldwide validity.
reproduction and population growth - Answer-The shift toward greater gender
equality is having an
influence on population growth patterns, patterns of
economic development, and the distribution of power
within families, communities, and countries.
Generally, as modernization takes hold, there is a move
toward greater equality between the sexes. This shift is
influencing population growth rates because women,
presented with opportunities, choose to have fewer
children.
development - Answer-is a term usually used to
describe economic changes such as the
greater productivity of agriculture and
industry that lead to better standards of
living or simply to increased mass
consumption.
structure of economies - Answer-primary
secondary
tertiary
quarternary
gross national income (GNI) - Answer-the total production of goods and
services in a country in a given year divided by the mid-year
population.
look at examples on slides
demographic transition - Answer-the change from high birth
and death rates to low birth and death rates that
usually accompanies a cluster of other changes, such
as change from a subsistence to a cash economy,
increased education rates, and urbanization.
subsistence economy - Answer-an economy in which families
produce most of their own food, clothing, and shelter.
,cash economy - Answer-an economic system that tends to be
urban but may be rural, in which skilled workers, welltrained
specialists, and even farm laborers are paid in
money.
gender - Answer-In virtually all parts of the world, and for at least tens
of thousands of years, the biological fact of
maleness and femaleness has been translated into
specific roles for each sex. Men are expected to fulfill
public roles, while women fulfill private roles.
primary sector - Answer-industry: extraction
goods: mining, agriculture, forestry
secondary sector - Answer-industry: industrial production
goods: processing, manufacturing, construction
tertiary sector - Answer-industry: service
goods: financial services, sales, entertainment
quarternary sector - Answer-industry: information/services
goods: education, research, information technology.
gross domestic product (GDP) - Answer-measuring economic growth
-is a measure used by a variety of
disciplines that refers to the total market value of all goods and services
produced within a particular country's borders. it is often measured
per capita, meaning that it is divided by the total population.
gross national income (GNI) - Answer-is a measure of the total value of income in
a country. It is used more frequently by international agencies as well as
in the textbook.
purchasing power parity (PPP) - Answer-is
the amount that the local
currency equivalent of U.S.$1 will
purchase in a given country's
economy, which allows us to
understand the purchasing power
of currency.
disadvantages for GDP AND GNI - Answer-1. Obscures inequality because it is an
average at a national scale.
2. Purchasing power of currency varies across the globe.
3. Only measures the formal economy.
4. Does not take into account the expense that this income can have on
environmental sustainability, human rights, and human well-being.
measuring economic development - Answer-
, formal economy - Answer-comprises all aspects of the economy that
are officially recorded as part of a country's production.
informal economy - Answer-refers to work that is traded for in-kind
payments, such as food or housing, or for cash payments not
reported to the government as taxable income.
euro zone - Answer-- Those countries in the European Union that use the euro
currency
are part of this
- in which multiple countries use the same
currency.
What measures of GNI/GDP don't often take into account - Answer-Gender:
Researchers studying all types of societies and
cultures have shown that, on average, women perform about
60 percent of all the work done, and that much of this work is
unpaid and in the informal economy, not captured in
GNI/GDP figures.
Sustainability: Oil revenues are calculated as part of GNI, but
accidents, such as the Deepwater Horizon spill in 2010, can
have devastating effects on the environment that affect the
economy negatively in the long run.
Human well-being - Answer-can be understood by various measures of the extent to
which people are able to obtain a a healthy and socially rewarding standard
of living in an environment that is safe and sustainable.
UN Human Development Index (HDI) - Answer-evaluates a country's wellbeing
by calculating GNI adjusted for PPP, life expectancy, and educational
attainment.
United Nations Gender Equality Index (GEI) - Answer-is a composite measure
reflecting the degree to which there is inequality in achievements between
women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment,
and the labor market. A high rank indicates that the genders are tending
toward equality.
Human impact on the biosphere - Answer-The Anthropocene is a
geologic epoch during
which humans have had
an overwhelming impact
on Earth's biosphere.
biosphere - Answer-is the
entirety of Earth's
integrated physical
spheres, with humans and
other impacts included as
part of nature.
