Clemson Geology 1010- Exam 4
Intergranular Pores - Correct Answer-"between grains"
open spaces in between particles
-MOST groundwater is stored here
Fractures - Correct Answer-rocks have lots of cracks, they can be pathways for water or
water can build up in them
vugs - Correct Answer-opening in the rock, like a big hole
-*caves are basically big vugs*
-not very common
Well sorted = - Correct Answer-high porosity
poorly sorted = - Correct Answer-low porosity
cementation - Correct Answer-natural cement to glue the particles together, filling in all
the little cracks
-more cement = less porosity
permeability - Correct Answer-whether or not the material lets water through, how easy
water will flow through material
Water Table - Correct Answer-the level where you go from saturated to unsaturated
Groundwater: why should we care? - Correct Answer-YOU MUST have this resource to
survive
hydrologic cycle - Correct Answer-ocean = biggest reservoir (1,000,000 units)
2nd largest = glacier (26000 units)
3rd largest = ground water (15000 units)
runoff - Correct Answer-water that runs across the landscape and eventually ends up in
a river or stream and continues to move downstream
infiltration - Correct Answer-water soaks INTO ground, becomes part of ground water
supply
porosity - Correct Answer-The percentage of the total volume of a rock or sediment that
consists of open spaces
Types of pores - Correct Answer-Intergranular Pores
,Fractures
Vugs
Aquifer - Correct Answer-any layer of material that contains a usable water supply
-below the water table
-recover for human use via wells
types of aquifers - Correct Answer-unconfined
confined
perched
Recharge - Correct Answer-how much water flows back into the aquifer
Discharge - Correct Answer-how much water flows out of the aquifer, pumping or
flowing
if recharge > discharge - Correct Answer-water table rises
overdrafting - Correct Answer-losing water supply, taking out a lot, not enough back in
if recharge < discharge - Correct Answer-overdrafting
cone of depression - Correct Answer-depressing level of water table around the well
due to fast pumping
-when the tip of the cone gets below the well, it won't work anymore
-pumping at a slower rate will fix this issue
subsidence - Correct Answer-groundsinking above aquifer, sediments trickle down into
pore space, blocks water
-almost impossible to reverse the problem bc porosity is gone and water can no longer
infiltrate the well
salinity contamination - Correct Answer-salt water contamination in aquifer
-the more you pump from the aquifer, the more salt can get in
desalinization - Correct Answer-process for sucking salt back out of water, treating it,
and then filtering (COSTLY!!!)
Ground water movement - Correct Answer-typically moves very slowly (sometimes
measure in cm per day)
-good: water doesn't rapidly flow away from your well
bad: if contaminated, it'll be there for a while
groundwater carries dissolved substances - Correct Answer-CO2 and SO2
, -these dissolve carbonate rocks
-causes a lot of sink holes
THE LOVE CANAL CRISIS - Correct Answer-A neighborhood in Niagara Falls, New
York, which became the subject of national and international attention, controversy, and
eventual environmental notoriety following the discovery of 21,000 tons of toxic waste
buried beneath the neighborhood.
President Jimmy Carter - Correct Answer-declared a state of emergency
-evacuated the neighborhoods that were badly contaminated
Superfund Act - Correct Answer-allows federal government to step in and help clean up
contaminated site
rivers and streams - Correct Answer-major agent of weathering and erosion
drainage basin - Correct Answer-the total area around the river that feeds water into
that river
-defined by the high points on ridges or hills
channels - Correct Answer-the area where the water is actually flowing through the
system
-overtime, can erode. form a valley for itself
-very v shaped
tributaries - Correct Answer-all the smaller streams that are emptying into the main
channel
branching/dendritic - Correct Answer-KEY = everytime 2 streams join up = acute angle
radial - Correct Answer-a lot of streams flowing in all different directions, in the middle,
there is a blank spot
-tells you that there is a point of high elevation
rectangular - Correct Answer-tributaries come together at a right angle, looks very
blocky and boxy
-telling you that you have a lot of fractures in the bed rock and the water is just flowing
in the cracks
levee - Correct Answer-an area where the sediment is built up just a little bit higher,
along the banks of the river
floodplain - Correct Answer-a flat area where water floods out of the channel, a "big
plain that floods"
braided streams - Correct Answer-multiple channels all twisted together
Intergranular Pores - Correct Answer-"between grains"
open spaces in between particles
-MOST groundwater is stored here
Fractures - Correct Answer-rocks have lots of cracks, they can be pathways for water or
water can build up in them
vugs - Correct Answer-opening in the rock, like a big hole
-*caves are basically big vugs*
-not very common
Well sorted = - Correct Answer-high porosity
poorly sorted = - Correct Answer-low porosity
cementation - Correct Answer-natural cement to glue the particles together, filling in all
the little cracks
-more cement = less porosity
permeability - Correct Answer-whether or not the material lets water through, how easy
water will flow through material
Water Table - Correct Answer-the level where you go from saturated to unsaturated
Groundwater: why should we care? - Correct Answer-YOU MUST have this resource to
survive
hydrologic cycle - Correct Answer-ocean = biggest reservoir (1,000,000 units)
2nd largest = glacier (26000 units)
3rd largest = ground water (15000 units)
runoff - Correct Answer-water that runs across the landscape and eventually ends up in
a river or stream and continues to move downstream
infiltration - Correct Answer-water soaks INTO ground, becomes part of ground water
supply
porosity - Correct Answer-The percentage of the total volume of a rock or sediment that
consists of open spaces
Types of pores - Correct Answer-Intergranular Pores
,Fractures
Vugs
Aquifer - Correct Answer-any layer of material that contains a usable water supply
-below the water table
-recover for human use via wells
types of aquifers - Correct Answer-unconfined
confined
perched
Recharge - Correct Answer-how much water flows back into the aquifer
Discharge - Correct Answer-how much water flows out of the aquifer, pumping or
flowing
if recharge > discharge - Correct Answer-water table rises
overdrafting - Correct Answer-losing water supply, taking out a lot, not enough back in
if recharge < discharge - Correct Answer-overdrafting
cone of depression - Correct Answer-depressing level of water table around the well
due to fast pumping
-when the tip of the cone gets below the well, it won't work anymore
-pumping at a slower rate will fix this issue
subsidence - Correct Answer-groundsinking above aquifer, sediments trickle down into
pore space, blocks water
-almost impossible to reverse the problem bc porosity is gone and water can no longer
infiltrate the well
salinity contamination - Correct Answer-salt water contamination in aquifer
-the more you pump from the aquifer, the more salt can get in
desalinization - Correct Answer-process for sucking salt back out of water, treating it,
and then filtering (COSTLY!!!)
Ground water movement - Correct Answer-typically moves very slowly (sometimes
measure in cm per day)
-good: water doesn't rapidly flow away from your well
bad: if contaminated, it'll be there for a while
groundwater carries dissolved substances - Correct Answer-CO2 and SO2
, -these dissolve carbonate rocks
-causes a lot of sink holes
THE LOVE CANAL CRISIS - Correct Answer-A neighborhood in Niagara Falls, New
York, which became the subject of national and international attention, controversy, and
eventual environmental notoriety following the discovery of 21,000 tons of toxic waste
buried beneath the neighborhood.
President Jimmy Carter - Correct Answer-declared a state of emergency
-evacuated the neighborhoods that were badly contaminated
Superfund Act - Correct Answer-allows federal government to step in and help clean up
contaminated site
rivers and streams - Correct Answer-major agent of weathering and erosion
drainage basin - Correct Answer-the total area around the river that feeds water into
that river
-defined by the high points on ridges or hills
channels - Correct Answer-the area where the water is actually flowing through the
system
-overtime, can erode. form a valley for itself
-very v shaped
tributaries - Correct Answer-all the smaller streams that are emptying into the main
channel
branching/dendritic - Correct Answer-KEY = everytime 2 streams join up = acute angle
radial - Correct Answer-a lot of streams flowing in all different directions, in the middle,
there is a blank spot
-tells you that there is a point of high elevation
rectangular - Correct Answer-tributaries come together at a right angle, looks very
blocky and boxy
-telling you that you have a lot of fractures in the bed rock and the water is just flowing
in the cracks
levee - Correct Answer-an area where the sediment is built up just a little bit higher,
along the banks of the river
floodplain - Correct Answer-a flat area where water floods out of the channel, a "big
plain that floods"
braided streams - Correct Answer-multiple channels all twisted together
