TEST BANK
,Chapter 1. Disease Prevention & Health Promotion
1. Which of the following behaviors indicates the highest potential for spreading infections
among clients? The nurse:
1) disinfects dirty hands with antibacterial soap.
2) allows alcohol-based rub to dry for 10 seconds.
3) washes hands only after leaving each room.
4) uses cold water for medical asepsis.
2. What is the most frequent cause of the spread of infection among institutionalized
patients?
1) Airborne microbes from other patients
2) Contact with contaminated equipment
3) Hands of healthcare workers
4) Exposure from family members
3. Which of the following nursing activities is of highest priority for maintaining medical
asepsis?
1) Washing hands
2) Donning gloves
3) Applying sterile drapes
4) Wearing a gown
4. A patient infected with a virus but who does not have any outward sign of the disease is
considered a:
1) pathogen.
2) fomite.
3) vector.
4) carrier.
5. A patient is admitted to the hospital with tuberculosis. Which precautions must the nurse
institute when caring for this patient?
1) Droplet transmission
2) Airborne transmission
3) Direct contact
4) Indirect contact
, 6. A patient becomes infected with oral candidiasis (thrush) while receiving intravenous
antibiotics to treat a systemic infection. Which type of infection has the patient developed?
1) Endogenous nosocomial
2) Exogenous nosocomial
3) Latent
4) Primary
7.The nurse assists a surgeon with central venous catheter insertion. Which action is
necessary to help maintain sterile technique?
1) Closing the patients door to limit room traffic while preparing the sterile field
2) Using clean procedure gloves to handle sterile equipment
3) Placing the nonsterile syringes containing flush solution on the sterile field
4) Remaining 6 inches away from the sterile field during the procedure
8.A patient admitted to the hospital with pneumonia has been receiving antibiotics for 2
days. His condition has stabilized, and his temperature has returned to normal. Which stage of
infection is the patient most likely experiencing?
1) Incubation
2) Prodromal
3) Decline
4) Convalescence
5) 8.
9. A patient develops localized heat and erythema over an area on the lower leg. These
findings are indicative of which secondary defense against infection?
1) Phagocytosis
2) Complement cascade
3) Inflammation
4) Immunity
10. The patient suddenly develops hives, shortness of breath, and wheezing after receiving
an antibiotic. Which antibody is primarily responsible for this patients response?
1) IgA
2) IgE
3) IgG
4) IgM
11. What type of immunity is provided by intravenous (IV) administration of
immunoglobulin G?
1) Cell-mediated
2) Passive
3) Humoral
4) Active
, 12. A patient asks the nurse why there is no vaccine available for the common cold. Which
response by the nurse is correct?
1) The virus mutates too rapidly to develop a vaccine.
2) Vaccines are developed only for very serious illnesses.
3) Researchers are focusing efforts on an HIV vaccine.
4) The virus for the common cold has not been identified.
1 . A patient who has a temperature of 101F (38.3C) most likely requires:
1) acetaminophen (Tylenol).
2) increased fluids.
3) bedrest.
4) tepid bath.
14. Why is a lotion without petroleum preferred over a petroleum-based product as a skin
protectant? It:
1) Prevents microorganisms from adhering to the skin.
2) Facilitates the absorption of latex proteins through the skin.
3) Decreases the risk of latex allergies.
4) Prevents the skin from drying and chaffing.
15. For which range of time must a nurse wash her hands before working in the operating
room?
1) 1 to 2 minutes
2) 2 to 4 minutes
3) 2 to 6 minutes
4) 6 to 10 minutes
16. How should the nurse dispose of the breakfast tray of a patient who requires airborne
isolation?
1) Place the tray in a specially marked trash can inside the patients room.
Place the tray in a special isolation bag held by a second healthcare worker at the
2) patients door.
Return the tray with a note to dietary services so it can be cleaned and reused for the
3) next meal.
Carry the tray to an isolation trash receptacle located in the dirty utility room and
4) dispose of it there.
1 . How much liquid soap should the nurse use for effective hand washing? At least:
1) 2 mL
2) 3 mL
3) 6 mL
4) 7 mL
, 18. To assure effectiveness, when should the nurse stop rubbing antiseptic hand solution
over all surfaces of the hands?
1) When fingers feel sticky
2) After 5 to 10 seconds
3) When leaving the clients room
4) Once fingers and hands feel dry
19. A patient is admitted to the hospital for chemotherapy and has a low white blood cell
count. Which precaution should the staff take with this patient?
1) Contact
2) Protective
3) Droplet
4) Airborne
20. While donning sterile gloves, the nurse notices the edges of the glove package are
slightly yellow. The yellow area is over 1 inch away from the gloves and only appears to be on
the outside of the glove package. What is the best action for the nurse to take at this point?
1) Continue using the gloves inside the package because the package is intact.
2) Remove gloves from sterile field and use a new pair of sterile gloves.
3) Throw all supplies away that were to be used and begin again.
4) Use the gloves and make sure the yellow edges of the package do not touch the client.
21. The nurse is removing personal protective equipment (PPE). Which item should be
removed first?
1) Gown
2) Gloves
3) Face shield
4) Hair covering
22. A nurse is splashed in the face by body fluid during a procedure. Prioritize the nurses
actions, listing the most important one first.
A. Contact employee health
B. Complete an incident report
C. Wash the exposed area
D. Report to another nurse that she is leaving the immediate
area. 1) 1, 2, 3, 4
2) 2, 3, 4, 1
3) 3, 4, 1, 2
4) 4, 1, 2, 3
Multiple Response
Identify one or more choices that best complete the statement or answer the question.
1. In which situation would using standard precautions be adequate? Select all that apply.
, 1) While finterviewing fa fclient fwith fa fproductive fcough
2) While fhelping fa fclient fto fperform fhis fown fhygiene fcare
3) While faiding fa fclient fto fambulate fafter fsurgery
4) While finserting fa fperipheral fintravenous fcatheter
2. fWhich fof fthe ffollowing fprotect(s) fthe fbody fagainst finfection? fSelect fall fthat fapply.
1) Eating fa fhealthy fwell-balanced fdiet
2) Being fan folder fadult for fan finfant
3) Leisure factivities fthree ftimes fa fweek
4) Exercising ffor f30 fminutes f5 fdays fa fweek
3. fThe fnurse fis fteaching fa fgroup fof fnewly fhired fnursing fassistive fpersonnel
f(NAP) fabout fproper fhand fwashing. fThe f nurse f will fknow fthat fthe fteaching fwas
feffective f if fthe fNAP fdemonstrate fwhat? fSelect fall fthat fapply. fThe fNAP:
1) uses fa fpaper ftowel fto fturn foff fthe ffaucet.
2) holds ffingertips fabove fthe fwrists fwhile frinsing foff fthe fsoap.
3) removes fall frings fand fwatch fbefore fwashing fhands.
4) cleans funderneath feach ffingernail.
4. fAlcohol-based fsolutions ffor fhand fhygiene fcan fbe fused fto fcombat fwhich
ftypes fof forganisms? fSelect fall fthat fapply.
1) Virus
2) Bacterial fspores
3) Yeast
4) Mold
5. fA fpatient fwith ftuberculosis fis fscheduled ffor fcomputed ftomography f(CT). fHow
fshould fthe f nurse fproceed? fSelect fall fthat fapply.
1) Question fthe forder fbecause fthe fpatient fmust fremain fin fisolation.
2) Place fan fN-95 frespirator fmask fon fthe fpatient fand ftransport fhim fto fthe ftest.
3) Place fa fsurgical fmask fon fthe fpatient fand ftransport fhim fto fCT flab.
4) Notify fthe fcomputed ftomography fdepartment fabout fprecautions fprior fto ftransport.
True/False
Indicate fwhether fthe fstatement fis ftrue for ffalse.
1. fBacteria fare fnecessary ffor fhuman fhealth fand fwell-being.
Chapter f1. fDisease fprevention
fAnswer fSection
MULTIPLE fCHOICE
1. ANS: f3
Patients facquire finfection fby fcontact fwith fother fpatients, ffamily fmembers, fand fhealthcare
fequipment. fBut fmost finfection famong fpatients fis fspread fthrough fthe fhands fof fhealthcare
fworkers. fHand fwashing f interrupts fthe ftransmission fand f should f be fdone f before fand fafter
fall fcontact fwith
, patients, fregardless fof fthe fdiagnosis. fWhen fthe fhands fare fsoiled, fhealthcare fstaff fshould
fuse fantibacterial fsoap fwith fwarm fwater fto fremove fdirt fand fdebris ffrom fthe fskin fsurface.
fWhen fno fvisible fdirt fis fpresent, fan falcohol-based frub fshould fbe fapplied fand fallowed fto
fdry ffor f10 fto f15 fseconds.
2. ANS: f3
Patients fare fexposed fto fmicrobes fby fcontact f(direct fcontact, fairborne, for fotherwise) fwith
fother fpatients, ffamily fmembers, fand fcontaminated fhealthcare fequipment. fSome fof fthese fare
fpathogenic f(cause f illness) fand f some fare f nonpathogenic f(do fnot fcause f illness). fBut fmost
f microbes fcausing f infection famong fpatients fare fspread f by fdirect fcontact fon fthe fhands fof
fhealthcare f workers.
3. ANS: f1
Scrupulous fhand fwashing fis fthe fmost fimportant fpart fof fmedical fasepsis. fDonning
fgloves, fapplying fsterile fdrapes fbefore fprocedures, fand fwearing fa fprotective fgown
fmay fbe fneeded fto fensure fasepsis, f but fthey fare fnot fthe fmostimportant faspect
fbecause f microbes fcausing f most fhealthcare-related f infections fare ftransmitted fby flack
fof for fineffective f hand fwashing.
4. ANS: f4
Some fpeople fmight fharbor fa fpathogenic forganism, fsuch fas fthe fhuman fimmunodeficiency
fvirus fwithin ftheir f body, fand f yet fdo fnot facquire fthe fdisease/infection. fThese f individuals,
fcalled f carriers, f have fno foutward fsign fof factive fdisease, f yet fthey fcan fpass fthe finfection fto
fothers. fA fpathogen f is fan forganism fcapable fof fcausing fdisease. fA ffomite fis fa fcontaminated
fobject fthat ftransfers fa fpathogen, fsuch fas fpens, fstethoscopes, fand fcontaminated fneedles. fA
fvector fis f an forganism fthat fcarries fa fpathogen f to fa fsusceptible f host fthrough fa fportal f for
fentry finto fthe f body. fAn f example fof fa f vector fis fa f mosquito for ftick fthat fbites for fstings.
5. ANS: f2
The forganisms fresponsible ffor fmeasles fand ftuberculosis, fas fwell fas fmany ffungal finfections,
fare fspread fthrough fairborne ftransmission. fNeisseria fmeningitidis, fthe forganism fthat
fcauses f meningitis, f is fspread fthrough fdroplet ftransmission. fPathogens fthat fcause fdiarrhea,
fsuch
as fClostridium fdifficile, fare fspread fby fdirect fcontact. fThe fcommon fcold fcan fbe fspread fby
findirect fcontact for fdroplet ftransmission.
6. ANS: f1
Thrush fin fthis fpatient fis fan fexample fof fan fendogenous, fnosocomial finfection. fThis ftype
fof f infection f arises f from fsuppression fof fthe fpatients fnormal f flora fas f a fresult fof fsome
f form fof ftreatment, fsuch fas fantibiotics. fNormal f flora fusually fkeep f yeast f from fgrowing f in
fthe f mouth. fIn fexogenous fnosocomial finfection, fthe fpathogen farises ffrom fthe fhealthcare
fenvironment. fA flatent f infection fcauses f no fsymptoms f for f long fperiods. f An fexample fof fa
f latent f infection f is f human f immunodeficiency f virus f infection. f A fprimary f infection f is fthe
f first finfection fthat foccurs f in fa fpatient.
7. ANS: f3
The fstage fof fdecline foccurs fwhen fthe fpatients fimmune fdefenses, falong fwith fany fmedical
ftherapies f(in fthis fcase fantibiotics), fare fsuccessfully freducing fthe fnumber fof fpathogenic
fmicrobes. f As fa fresult, fthe fsigns fand f symptoms fof f infection f begin fto ffade. fIncubation f is
fthe fstage fbetween fthe finvasion fby fthe forganism fand fthe fonset fof fsymptoms. fDuring fthe
fincubation fstage, fthe fpatient fdoes fnot fknow fhe f is f infected fand f is fcapable fof f infecting
fothers. fThe fprodromal fstage f is fcharacterized f by fthe f first fappearance fof f vague fsymptoms.
fConvalescence f is fcharacterized f by ftissue frepair fand f a freturn fto fheal f as fthe forganisms
fdisappear.
,Chapter 1. Disease Prevention & Health Promotion
1. Which of the following behaviors indicates the highest potential for spreading infections
among clients? The nurse:
1) disinfects dirty hands with antibacterial soap.
2) allows alcohol-based rub to dry for 10 seconds.
3) washes hands only after leaving each room.
4) uses cold water for medical asepsis.
2. What is the most frequent cause of the spread of infection among institutionalized
patients?
1) Airborne microbes from other patients
2) Contact with contaminated equipment
3) Hands of healthcare workers
4) Exposure from family members
3. Which of the following nursing activities is of highest priority for maintaining medical
asepsis?
1) Washing hands
2) Donning gloves
3) Applying sterile drapes
4) Wearing a gown
4. A patient infected with a virus but who does not have any outward sign of the disease is
considered a:
1) pathogen.
2) fomite.
3) vector.
4) carrier.
5. A patient is admitted to the hospital with tuberculosis. Which precautions must the nurse
institute when caring for this patient?
1) Droplet transmission
2) Airborne transmission
3) Direct contact
4) Indirect contact
, 6. A patient becomes infected with oral candidiasis (thrush) while receiving intravenous
antibiotics to treat a systemic infection. Which type of infection has the patient developed?
1) Endogenous nosocomial
2) Exogenous nosocomial
3) Latent
4) Primary
7.The nurse assists a surgeon with central venous catheter insertion. Which action is
necessary to help maintain sterile technique?
1) Closing the patients door to limit room traffic while preparing the sterile field
2) Using clean procedure gloves to handle sterile equipment
3) Placing the nonsterile syringes containing flush solution on the sterile field
4) Remaining 6 inches away from the sterile field during the procedure
8.A patient admitted to the hospital with pneumonia has been receiving antibiotics for 2
days. His condition has stabilized, and his temperature has returned to normal. Which stage of
infection is the patient most likely experiencing?
1) Incubation
2) Prodromal
3) Decline
4) Convalescence
5) 8.
9. A patient develops localized heat and erythema over an area on the lower leg. These
findings are indicative of which secondary defense against infection?
1) Phagocytosis
2) Complement cascade
3) Inflammation
4) Immunity
10. The patient suddenly develops hives, shortness of breath, and wheezing after receiving
an antibiotic. Which antibody is primarily responsible for this patients response?
1) IgA
2) IgE
3) IgG
4) IgM
11. What type of immunity is provided by intravenous (IV) administration of
immunoglobulin G?
1) Cell-mediated
2) Passive
3) Humoral
4) Active
, 12. A patient asks the nurse why there is no vaccine available for the common cold. Which
response by the nurse is correct?
1) The virus mutates too rapidly to develop a vaccine.
2) Vaccines are developed only for very serious illnesses.
3) Researchers are focusing efforts on an HIV vaccine.
4) The virus for the common cold has not been identified.
1 . A patient who has a temperature of 101F (38.3C) most likely requires:
1) acetaminophen (Tylenol).
2) increased fluids.
3) bedrest.
4) tepid bath.
14. Why is a lotion without petroleum preferred over a petroleum-based product as a skin
protectant? It:
1) Prevents microorganisms from adhering to the skin.
2) Facilitates the absorption of latex proteins through the skin.
3) Decreases the risk of latex allergies.
4) Prevents the skin from drying and chaffing.
15. For which range of time must a nurse wash her hands before working in the operating
room?
1) 1 to 2 minutes
2) 2 to 4 minutes
3) 2 to 6 minutes
4) 6 to 10 minutes
16. How should the nurse dispose of the breakfast tray of a patient who requires airborne
isolation?
1) Place the tray in a specially marked trash can inside the patients room.
Place the tray in a special isolation bag held by a second healthcare worker at the
2) patients door.
Return the tray with a note to dietary services so it can be cleaned and reused for the
3) next meal.
Carry the tray to an isolation trash receptacle located in the dirty utility room and
4) dispose of it there.
1 . How much liquid soap should the nurse use for effective hand washing? At least:
1) 2 mL
2) 3 mL
3) 6 mL
4) 7 mL
, 18. To assure effectiveness, when should the nurse stop rubbing antiseptic hand solution
over all surfaces of the hands?
1) When fingers feel sticky
2) After 5 to 10 seconds
3) When leaving the clients room
4) Once fingers and hands feel dry
19. A patient is admitted to the hospital for chemotherapy and has a low white blood cell
count. Which precaution should the staff take with this patient?
1) Contact
2) Protective
3) Droplet
4) Airborne
20. While donning sterile gloves, the nurse notices the edges of the glove package are
slightly yellow. The yellow area is over 1 inch away from the gloves and only appears to be on
the outside of the glove package. What is the best action for the nurse to take at this point?
1) Continue using the gloves inside the package because the package is intact.
2) Remove gloves from sterile field and use a new pair of sterile gloves.
3) Throw all supplies away that were to be used and begin again.
4) Use the gloves and make sure the yellow edges of the package do not touch the client.
21. The nurse is removing personal protective equipment (PPE). Which item should be
removed first?
1) Gown
2) Gloves
3) Face shield
4) Hair covering
22. A nurse is splashed in the face by body fluid during a procedure. Prioritize the nurses
actions, listing the most important one first.
A. Contact employee health
B. Complete an incident report
C. Wash the exposed area
D. Report to another nurse that she is leaving the immediate
area. 1) 1, 2, 3, 4
2) 2, 3, 4, 1
3) 3, 4, 1, 2
4) 4, 1, 2, 3
Multiple Response
Identify one or more choices that best complete the statement or answer the question.
1. In which situation would using standard precautions be adequate? Select all that apply.
, 1) While finterviewing fa fclient fwith fa fproductive fcough
2) While fhelping fa fclient fto fperform fhis fown fhygiene fcare
3) While faiding fa fclient fto fambulate fafter fsurgery
4) While finserting fa fperipheral fintravenous fcatheter
2. fWhich fof fthe ffollowing fprotect(s) fthe fbody fagainst finfection? fSelect fall fthat fapply.
1) Eating fa fhealthy fwell-balanced fdiet
2) Being fan folder fadult for fan finfant
3) Leisure factivities fthree ftimes fa fweek
4) Exercising ffor f30 fminutes f5 fdays fa fweek
3. fThe fnurse fis fteaching fa fgroup fof fnewly fhired fnursing fassistive fpersonnel
f(NAP) fabout fproper fhand fwashing. fThe f nurse f will fknow fthat fthe fteaching fwas
feffective f if fthe fNAP fdemonstrate fwhat? fSelect fall fthat fapply. fThe fNAP:
1) uses fa fpaper ftowel fto fturn foff fthe ffaucet.
2) holds ffingertips fabove fthe fwrists fwhile frinsing foff fthe fsoap.
3) removes fall frings fand fwatch fbefore fwashing fhands.
4) cleans funderneath feach ffingernail.
4. fAlcohol-based fsolutions ffor fhand fhygiene fcan fbe fused fto fcombat fwhich
ftypes fof forganisms? fSelect fall fthat fapply.
1) Virus
2) Bacterial fspores
3) Yeast
4) Mold
5. fA fpatient fwith ftuberculosis fis fscheduled ffor fcomputed ftomography f(CT). fHow
fshould fthe f nurse fproceed? fSelect fall fthat fapply.
1) Question fthe forder fbecause fthe fpatient fmust fremain fin fisolation.
2) Place fan fN-95 frespirator fmask fon fthe fpatient fand ftransport fhim fto fthe ftest.
3) Place fa fsurgical fmask fon fthe fpatient fand ftransport fhim fto fCT flab.
4) Notify fthe fcomputed ftomography fdepartment fabout fprecautions fprior fto ftransport.
True/False
Indicate fwhether fthe fstatement fis ftrue for ffalse.
1. fBacteria fare fnecessary ffor fhuman fhealth fand fwell-being.
Chapter f1. fDisease fprevention
fAnswer fSection
MULTIPLE fCHOICE
1. ANS: f3
Patients facquire finfection fby fcontact fwith fother fpatients, ffamily fmembers, fand fhealthcare
fequipment. fBut fmost finfection famong fpatients fis fspread fthrough fthe fhands fof fhealthcare
fworkers. fHand fwashing f interrupts fthe ftransmission fand f should f be fdone f before fand fafter
fall fcontact fwith
, patients, fregardless fof fthe fdiagnosis. fWhen fthe fhands fare fsoiled, fhealthcare fstaff fshould
fuse fantibacterial fsoap fwith fwarm fwater fto fremove fdirt fand fdebris ffrom fthe fskin fsurface.
fWhen fno fvisible fdirt fis fpresent, fan falcohol-based frub fshould fbe fapplied fand fallowed fto
fdry ffor f10 fto f15 fseconds.
2. ANS: f3
Patients fare fexposed fto fmicrobes fby fcontact f(direct fcontact, fairborne, for fotherwise) fwith
fother fpatients, ffamily fmembers, fand fcontaminated fhealthcare fequipment. fSome fof fthese fare
fpathogenic f(cause f illness) fand f some fare f nonpathogenic f(do fnot fcause f illness). fBut fmost
f microbes fcausing f infection famong fpatients fare fspread f by fdirect fcontact fon fthe fhands fof
fhealthcare f workers.
3. ANS: f1
Scrupulous fhand fwashing fis fthe fmost fimportant fpart fof fmedical fasepsis. fDonning
fgloves, fapplying fsterile fdrapes fbefore fprocedures, fand fwearing fa fprotective fgown
fmay fbe fneeded fto fensure fasepsis, f but fthey fare fnot fthe fmostimportant faspect
fbecause f microbes fcausing f most fhealthcare-related f infections fare ftransmitted fby flack
fof for fineffective f hand fwashing.
4. ANS: f4
Some fpeople fmight fharbor fa fpathogenic forganism, fsuch fas fthe fhuman fimmunodeficiency
fvirus fwithin ftheir f body, fand f yet fdo fnot facquire fthe fdisease/infection. fThese f individuals,
fcalled f carriers, f have fno foutward fsign fof factive fdisease, f yet fthey fcan fpass fthe finfection fto
fothers. fA fpathogen f is fan forganism fcapable fof fcausing fdisease. fA ffomite fis fa fcontaminated
fobject fthat ftransfers fa fpathogen, fsuch fas fpens, fstethoscopes, fand fcontaminated fneedles. fA
fvector fis f an forganism fthat fcarries fa fpathogen f to fa fsusceptible f host fthrough fa fportal f for
fentry finto fthe f body. fAn f example fof fa f vector fis fa f mosquito for ftick fthat fbites for fstings.
5. ANS: f2
The forganisms fresponsible ffor fmeasles fand ftuberculosis, fas fwell fas fmany ffungal finfections,
fare fspread fthrough fairborne ftransmission. fNeisseria fmeningitidis, fthe forganism fthat
fcauses f meningitis, f is fspread fthrough fdroplet ftransmission. fPathogens fthat fcause fdiarrhea,
fsuch
as fClostridium fdifficile, fare fspread fby fdirect fcontact. fThe fcommon fcold fcan fbe fspread fby
findirect fcontact for fdroplet ftransmission.
6. ANS: f1
Thrush fin fthis fpatient fis fan fexample fof fan fendogenous, fnosocomial finfection. fThis ftype
fof f infection f arises f from fsuppression fof fthe fpatients fnormal f flora fas f a fresult fof fsome
f form fof ftreatment, fsuch fas fantibiotics. fNormal f flora fusually fkeep f yeast f from fgrowing f in
fthe f mouth. fIn fexogenous fnosocomial finfection, fthe fpathogen farises ffrom fthe fhealthcare
fenvironment. fA flatent f infection fcauses f no fsymptoms f for f long fperiods. f An fexample fof fa
f latent f infection f is f human f immunodeficiency f virus f infection. f A fprimary f infection f is fthe
f first finfection fthat foccurs f in fa fpatient.
7. ANS: f3
The fstage fof fdecline foccurs fwhen fthe fpatients fimmune fdefenses, falong fwith fany fmedical
ftherapies f(in fthis fcase fantibiotics), fare fsuccessfully freducing fthe fnumber fof fpathogenic
fmicrobes. f As fa fresult, fthe fsigns fand f symptoms fof f infection f begin fto ffade. fIncubation f is
fthe fstage fbetween fthe finvasion fby fthe forganism fand fthe fonset fof fsymptoms. fDuring fthe
fincubation fstage, fthe fpatient fdoes fnot fknow fhe f is f infected fand f is fcapable fof f infecting
fothers. fThe fprodromal fstage f is fcharacterized f by fthe f first fappearance fof f vague fsymptoms.
fConvalescence f is fcharacterized f by ftissue frepair fand f a freturn fto fheal f as fthe forganisms
fdisappear.
