UBC MEDD 419 Exam
What are the cons for using RCTs? (3) - Correct Answer-Expensive, best for discrete
interventions, low generalizability
What is a cohort study? (5) - Correct Answer-Sampling based on exposure, longitudinal,
measures incidence, uses RR, retrospective or prospective
What is a case control study? (5) - Correct Answer-Sampling based on outcome,
studies rare outcomes, retrospective only, cannot measure incidence or prevalence,
uses OR
What are the cons of cohort studies? (3) - Correct Answer-Expensive, inefficient for rare
outcomes, loss of follow-up
What are the cons of case control studies? (3) - Correct Answer-Sampling bias, recall-
measurement bias, confounding factors
What are cross-sectional studies? (4) - Correct Answer-Measure single point in time,
measures prevalence, cheap, no follow-up
What are the cons of cross-sectional studies? (2) - Correct Answer-No cause-effect,
bad for rare outcomes
Describe prevalence. (3) - Correct Answer-Total number of cases at a given time, is a
proportion, measured in cross-sectional studies and cohort studies
Describe incidence. (5) - Correct Answer-New number of cases over a time period,
need more than one measurement, is a rate, measured in cohort or RCT, best measure
of association
How do you shift knowledge from the disease to the clinician? - Correct Answer-
Information mastery (EBM guidelines)
What is Gibbs Reflective Cycle? (6) - Correct Answer-Describe what happened, what
was your reaction (feeling), evaluate the experience, analyze the events, draw
conclusion, action plan
What are the 5 As in EBM? - Correct Answer-Ask (a clinical question), acquire (the best
information), appraise (the evidence), apply (the evidence), assess (your performance)
, Critical appraisal asks what three questions? - Correct Answer-Is it valid (look for bias),
what are the results (size of effect, CI, relative vs absolute), will the results help my
patient
What is the order of the evidence pyramid? (5) - Correct Answer-Systematic reviews,
RCTs, cohort studies, case-control, expert opinion
Are point-of-care tools evidence? - Correct Answer-No
What is the distribution of all the sample means? - Correct Answer-Sample distribution
What measures how far the sample mean is from the true population mean (therefore
reliant on sample size)? - Correct Answer-Standard error
What is more useful, clinically: p-values or CIs? - Correct Answer-CIs
What are the four ways of knowing in health and healthcare? - Correct Answer-Clinician
(individual + inner reality), patient/family/community (collective + inner reality), disease
(individual + outer reality), health systems (collective + outer reality)
How do you shift focusing knowledge on the clinician to focusing on the
patient/family/community? - Correct Answer-Relationships
How do you shift focusing knowledge on the patient/family/community to health
systems? - Correct Answer-Justice (access/rationing, race/gender, ethics)
How do you shift focusing knowledge on health systems to focusing on disease? -
Correct Answer-Prioritization (cost effectiveness, competing demands and
opportunities)
What is the probability of a result at least as extreme as the sample result if the null
hypothesis is true? - Correct Answer-P-value
___________________ significance is the reliability of the results. - Correct Answer-
Statistical
_________________ significance is the impact on clinical practice. - Correct Answer-
Clinical
What is RR? - Correct Answer-Incidence in exposed group/incidence in unexposed
group
What are the cons for using RCTs? (3) - Correct Answer-Expensive, best for discrete
interventions, low generalizability
What is a cohort study? (5) - Correct Answer-Sampling based on exposure, longitudinal,
measures incidence, uses RR, retrospective or prospective
What is a case control study? (5) - Correct Answer-Sampling based on outcome,
studies rare outcomes, retrospective only, cannot measure incidence or prevalence,
uses OR
What are the cons of cohort studies? (3) - Correct Answer-Expensive, inefficient for rare
outcomes, loss of follow-up
What are the cons of case control studies? (3) - Correct Answer-Sampling bias, recall-
measurement bias, confounding factors
What are cross-sectional studies? (4) - Correct Answer-Measure single point in time,
measures prevalence, cheap, no follow-up
What are the cons of cross-sectional studies? (2) - Correct Answer-No cause-effect,
bad for rare outcomes
Describe prevalence. (3) - Correct Answer-Total number of cases at a given time, is a
proportion, measured in cross-sectional studies and cohort studies
Describe incidence. (5) - Correct Answer-New number of cases over a time period,
need more than one measurement, is a rate, measured in cohort or RCT, best measure
of association
How do you shift knowledge from the disease to the clinician? - Correct Answer-
Information mastery (EBM guidelines)
What is Gibbs Reflective Cycle? (6) - Correct Answer-Describe what happened, what
was your reaction (feeling), evaluate the experience, analyze the events, draw
conclusion, action plan
What are the 5 As in EBM? - Correct Answer-Ask (a clinical question), acquire (the best
information), appraise (the evidence), apply (the evidence), assess (your performance)
, Critical appraisal asks what three questions? - Correct Answer-Is it valid (look for bias),
what are the results (size of effect, CI, relative vs absolute), will the results help my
patient
What is the order of the evidence pyramid? (5) - Correct Answer-Systematic reviews,
RCTs, cohort studies, case-control, expert opinion
Are point-of-care tools evidence? - Correct Answer-No
What is the distribution of all the sample means? - Correct Answer-Sample distribution
What measures how far the sample mean is from the true population mean (therefore
reliant on sample size)? - Correct Answer-Standard error
What is more useful, clinically: p-values or CIs? - Correct Answer-CIs
What are the four ways of knowing in health and healthcare? - Correct Answer-Clinician
(individual + inner reality), patient/family/community (collective + inner reality), disease
(individual + outer reality), health systems (collective + outer reality)
How do you shift focusing knowledge on the clinician to focusing on the
patient/family/community? - Correct Answer-Relationships
How do you shift focusing knowledge on the patient/family/community to health
systems? - Correct Answer-Justice (access/rationing, race/gender, ethics)
How do you shift focusing knowledge on health systems to focusing on disease? -
Correct Answer-Prioritization (cost effectiveness, competing demands and
opportunities)
What is the probability of a result at least as extreme as the sample result if the null
hypothesis is true? - Correct Answer-P-value
___________________ significance is the reliability of the results. - Correct Answer-
Statistical
_________________ significance is the impact on clinical practice. - Correct Answer-
Clinical
What is RR? - Correct Answer-Incidence in exposed group/incidence in unexposed
group
