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Portage BIOD 101 Module 6 Exam Questions
And Answers |Latest 2025 | Guaranteed Pass
Describe how prokaryotic cells store genetic material. - Answer✔Non membrane bound
nucleoid region.
List TWO similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - Answer✔plasma membrane,
contain ribosomes to make proteins
Describe how eukaryotic cells store genetic information. - Answer✔Membrane bound nucleus
Describe the role of the cell wall in a bacterial cell. - Answer✔responsible for the shape of a cell,
provides protection against environmental stressors
List THREE accessory structures that facilitate movement and attachment in bacteria -
Answer✔capsule, fimbriae, flagella
Compare and contrast Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria regarding the amount of
peptidoglycan present in their cell walls - Answer✔Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of
peptidoglycan, and Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan
Describe the Gram-stain process - Answer✔First, a sample of the bacteria is stained with a
crystal violet dye and iodine. Next, the sample is rinsed with alcohol to remove the unbound
dyes. Finally, the sample is stained a second time with a red dye. The properties of the cell wall
will determine how the dyes change the color of the cell, and determination of the type of
bacteria can be made when the stained cells are viewed under a microscope.
1
, ©FYNDLAY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 8:29 AM A+
List and describe the most common bacterial shapes. - Answer✔Cocci: spherical, bacilli: rod
shaped, spiral: spiral shaped from a comma to corkscrew shape.
Spherical-shaped cells arranged in chains can be best described as? - Answer✔Streptococci
List the two MAIN branches of immunity and compare them by response time. -
Answer✔Answer: Innate immunity is rapid in its response, and adaptive immunity is slower in
its response
Discuss the role of complement proteins in innate immunity. - Answer✔When in a dormant
state, complement proteins freely circulate in the blood. The molecules on the surface of
pathogens trigger the complement proteins to activate. Activation causes a process of
biochemical reactions that results in the proteins forming a pore on the surface of the pathogen
and lysing the pathogenic cell.
Which cells are the most abundant and play a major role in the process of inflammation? -
Answer✔Neutrophils
Macrophages and dendritic cells are examples of - Answer✔Monocytes
List the TWO arms of adaptive immunity, and the cells found in each - Answer✔Humoral
response (B cells and associated antibodies), cell-mediated responses (T cells)
What are virulence factors? List ONE virulence factor related to GAS. - Answer✔agents used by
a pathogen to establish successful colonization within a host. M-protein and a capsule.
Klebsiella Pneumonia can be found commensally in what two tissues of the body? In what
tissues would it turn into an opportunistic pathogen? - Answer✔Mouth and gut, opportunistic
in urinary tract, respiratory tract and open wounds
Describe a capsule/glycocalyx - Answer✔Sticky, composed of thick layers of proteins and
polysaccharides
2
, ©FYNDLAY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 8:29 AM A+
What does a capsule provide? - Answer✔Mechanism of adhesion to host cells and other
bacteria
When bacterial cells stick together, they form a - Answer✔Colony
Describe fimbriae - Answer✔Short, thin, hairlike appendages that attach to surfaces
Describe flagella - Answer✔Whiplike structure with various attachment sites
Rotational movement of flagellum is produced by - Answer✔A protein gradient
___ and ___ are cross connected by amino acid links in the cell wall - Answer✔NAG and NAM
Cross linked sugars in the cell wall make a polymer called - Answer✔Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan makes a mesh like barrier to - Answer✔Enclose bacteria, give it shape and
protection
The arrangement of sugars in a cell wall is uniform, but nuances like location results in -
Answer✔Bacteria having cell wall characteristics that vary by type
What color are Gram+ stains? - Answer✔Deep purple
Why are gram+ stains a certain color? - Answer✔The stain is too large to be washed away from
the thick cell wall
What color are gram- stains? - Answer✔Pink or red
3
Portage BIOD 101 Module 6 Exam Questions
And Answers |Latest 2025 | Guaranteed Pass
Describe how prokaryotic cells store genetic material. - Answer✔Non membrane bound
nucleoid region.
List TWO similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - Answer✔plasma membrane,
contain ribosomes to make proteins
Describe how eukaryotic cells store genetic information. - Answer✔Membrane bound nucleus
Describe the role of the cell wall in a bacterial cell. - Answer✔responsible for the shape of a cell,
provides protection against environmental stressors
List THREE accessory structures that facilitate movement and attachment in bacteria -
Answer✔capsule, fimbriae, flagella
Compare and contrast Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria regarding the amount of
peptidoglycan present in their cell walls - Answer✔Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of
peptidoglycan, and Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan
Describe the Gram-stain process - Answer✔First, a sample of the bacteria is stained with a
crystal violet dye and iodine. Next, the sample is rinsed with alcohol to remove the unbound
dyes. Finally, the sample is stained a second time with a red dye. The properties of the cell wall
will determine how the dyes change the color of the cell, and determination of the type of
bacteria can be made when the stained cells are viewed under a microscope.
1
, ©FYNDLAY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 8:29 AM A+
List and describe the most common bacterial shapes. - Answer✔Cocci: spherical, bacilli: rod
shaped, spiral: spiral shaped from a comma to corkscrew shape.
Spherical-shaped cells arranged in chains can be best described as? - Answer✔Streptococci
List the two MAIN branches of immunity and compare them by response time. -
Answer✔Answer: Innate immunity is rapid in its response, and adaptive immunity is slower in
its response
Discuss the role of complement proteins in innate immunity. - Answer✔When in a dormant
state, complement proteins freely circulate in the blood. The molecules on the surface of
pathogens trigger the complement proteins to activate. Activation causes a process of
biochemical reactions that results in the proteins forming a pore on the surface of the pathogen
and lysing the pathogenic cell.
Which cells are the most abundant and play a major role in the process of inflammation? -
Answer✔Neutrophils
Macrophages and dendritic cells are examples of - Answer✔Monocytes
List the TWO arms of adaptive immunity, and the cells found in each - Answer✔Humoral
response (B cells and associated antibodies), cell-mediated responses (T cells)
What are virulence factors? List ONE virulence factor related to GAS. - Answer✔agents used by
a pathogen to establish successful colonization within a host. M-protein and a capsule.
Klebsiella Pneumonia can be found commensally in what two tissues of the body? In what
tissues would it turn into an opportunistic pathogen? - Answer✔Mouth and gut, opportunistic
in urinary tract, respiratory tract and open wounds
Describe a capsule/glycocalyx - Answer✔Sticky, composed of thick layers of proteins and
polysaccharides
2
, ©FYNDLAY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 8:29 AM A+
What does a capsule provide? - Answer✔Mechanism of adhesion to host cells and other
bacteria
When bacterial cells stick together, they form a - Answer✔Colony
Describe fimbriae - Answer✔Short, thin, hairlike appendages that attach to surfaces
Describe flagella - Answer✔Whiplike structure with various attachment sites
Rotational movement of flagellum is produced by - Answer✔A protein gradient
___ and ___ are cross connected by amino acid links in the cell wall - Answer✔NAG and NAM
Cross linked sugars in the cell wall make a polymer called - Answer✔Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan makes a mesh like barrier to - Answer✔Enclose bacteria, give it shape and
protection
The arrangement of sugars in a cell wall is uniform, but nuances like location results in -
Answer✔Bacteria having cell wall characteristics that vary by type
What color are Gram+ stains? - Answer✔Deep purple
Why are gram+ stains a certain color? - Answer✔The stain is too large to be washed away from
the thick cell wall
What color are gram- stains? - Answer✔Pink or red
3
