NAVLE ACTUAL EXAM/ NORTHERN AMERICAN VETERINARY LICENSING EXAM 2025
QUESTIONS AND ANSWRS|WELL STRUCTURED|A+ GRADED|
A two-year-old Angus cow is presented with weakness of the hind
limbs and a staggering gait. On physical exam, the heart rate
and respiratory rate are slow and irregular, and the pupils are
dilated. The cow's breath and urine smell like the odor of mouse
urine. Suddenly the cow's pulse becomes rapid and thready, she
collapses, and dies of apparent respiratory failure. Which one of
the following plants is most likely to have caused this spectrum of
D - Conium maculatum (Poison hemlock)
clinical signs?
A - Pinus ponderosa (Western yellow pine)
B - Veratrum spp (False hellebore, Skunk cabbage)
C - Centaurea spp (Knapweed, Yellow star thistle)
D - Conium maculatum (Poison hemlock)
E - Tetradymia spp (Horsebrush)
You are presented a healthy ten-year-old maiden mare for breed-
ing evaluation in January in North America. On rectal palpation,
both ovaries have multiple, small (less than 15 mm) follicles and
no corpus lutea. The uterus is flaccid with no edema. Which one of
the following choices is the most likely explanation of the findings
in this mare?
A - Seasonal anestrus
A - Seasonal anestrus
B - The mare is in diestrus
C - Estrus has just passed
D - Early pregnancy
E - The mare is too old and now is infertile
A five-month-old Yorkshire terrier is presented with ataxia in all
four limbs and neck pain.There is loss of conscious proprioception
in all four limbs. A radiograph of the cervical spine is shown below.
Which one of the following choices is the most likely diagnosis?
A - Atlantoaxial instability A - Atlantoaxial instability
B - Caudal occipital malformation
C - Intervertebral disk disease
D - Discospondylitis
E - Spina bifida
An 11-year-old male, neutered Cavalier King Charles spaniel is
presented for an episode of acute collapse with inability to sup-
port himself on the hind limbs and disorientation. Based on the
radiographs and history, which one of the following tests would be
next indicated?
E - Echocardiography
A - Magnetic resonance imaging
B - Edrophonium challenge test
C - Myelography
D - Bronchoscopy
E - Echocardiography
An eight-year-old dog is found recumbent and non-responsive in
a horse pasture. His left pupil is small, the right one is moderately
dilated but responds to light. The right upper eyelid and lip are
droopy, hanging lower than normal. Head trauma is suspected.
The mucous membranes are pale pink, capillary refill time is 1-2
seconds.
T= 98.7°F, (37.0°C) [N 100-102.5°F, 37.8-39.2°C]
HR=56 [N 90-160 beats/min] B - Cheyne-Stokes breathing
The respiratory rate and pattern are quite variable. He breathes
fast and deep for 5-6 breaths, then more slowly and shallowly, then
is apneic for 10 seconds. The pattern repeats over and over. What
is this respiratory pattern?
, NAVLE ACTUAL EXAM/ NORTHERN AMERICAN VETERINARY LICENSING EXAM 2025
QUESTIONS AND ANSWRS|WELL STRUCTURED|A+ GRADED|
A - Orthopnea
B - Cheyne-Stokes breathing
C - Apneustic respiration pattern
D - Agonal respiration
E - Kussmaul pattern
A seven-year-old cat is presented with miosis, ptosis, enophthal-
mos, and protruded nictitating membrane involving the left eye.
These signs are caused by DAMAGE to which one of the following
innervation pathways?
D - Left sympathetic innervation to the eye
A - Right trigeminal innervation to the eye
B - Right parasympathetic innervation to the eye
C - Left oculomotor innervation to the eye
D - Left sympathetic innervation to the eye
E - Right vagal innervation to the eye
A flock of sheep has been grazing on Sorghum halepense (John-
son grass), Tetradymia spp. (horsebrush) and Artemisia nova
(black sage). Many of the exposed animals have edema, especial-
ly in their heads. This lamb has edema around the eyes and the
ears show hyperkeratinized tissue. What is the photosensitizing
agent responsible for this condition?
C - Phylloerythrin
A - Tetradymia spp.
B - Chlorophyll
C - Phylloerythrin
D - Artemisia nova
E - Bile acids
A young adult dairy cow is presented for evaluation in Minnesota
in February. She has multifocal, nonpruritic, circular, alopecic, and
gray-white crusty lesions, mainly affecting the head and neck.
Several other herdmates are similarly affected, with lesions also
on the chest and limbs. What is the most common way to address
this condition?
E - No treatment
A - Cull the worst-affected cows
B - Oral griseofulvin
C - Parenteral oxytetracycline
D - Pour-on doramectin
E - No treatment
What is the purpose of placing a permanent rumen fistula in some
cattle?
A - This procedure is not done on a permanent basis in cows
B - Allow for direct administration of medications into rumen D - Create transfaunation donors
long-term
C - Manage vagal indigestion in the fistulated animal
D - Create transfaunation donors
E - Treat traumatic reticuloperitonitis in the fistulated animal
Which one of the following choices includes the cardinal sign of
trigeminal neuritis?
A - Masseter muscle pain associated with chewing
B - Circling and head tilt toward side of lesion, no other signs D - Inability to close the mouth
C - Dysphagia, dysphonia and stridor
D - Inability to close the mouth
E - Paralyzed eyelid, ear or lip on one or both sides of the face
Two calves aged eight weeks are presented that are both down
and extremely weak. They are depressed and lying in pools of
foul-smelling brown diarrhea with a small amount of blood. One
other calf died suddenly the night before with no signs at all.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWRS|WELL STRUCTURED|A+ GRADED|
A two-year-old Angus cow is presented with weakness of the hind
limbs and a staggering gait. On physical exam, the heart rate
and respiratory rate are slow and irregular, and the pupils are
dilated. The cow's breath and urine smell like the odor of mouse
urine. Suddenly the cow's pulse becomes rapid and thready, she
collapses, and dies of apparent respiratory failure. Which one of
the following plants is most likely to have caused this spectrum of
D - Conium maculatum (Poison hemlock)
clinical signs?
A - Pinus ponderosa (Western yellow pine)
B - Veratrum spp (False hellebore, Skunk cabbage)
C - Centaurea spp (Knapweed, Yellow star thistle)
D - Conium maculatum (Poison hemlock)
E - Tetradymia spp (Horsebrush)
You are presented a healthy ten-year-old maiden mare for breed-
ing evaluation in January in North America. On rectal palpation,
both ovaries have multiple, small (less than 15 mm) follicles and
no corpus lutea. The uterus is flaccid with no edema. Which one of
the following choices is the most likely explanation of the findings
in this mare?
A - Seasonal anestrus
A - Seasonal anestrus
B - The mare is in diestrus
C - Estrus has just passed
D - Early pregnancy
E - The mare is too old and now is infertile
A five-month-old Yorkshire terrier is presented with ataxia in all
four limbs and neck pain.There is loss of conscious proprioception
in all four limbs. A radiograph of the cervical spine is shown below.
Which one of the following choices is the most likely diagnosis?
A - Atlantoaxial instability A - Atlantoaxial instability
B - Caudal occipital malformation
C - Intervertebral disk disease
D - Discospondylitis
E - Spina bifida
An 11-year-old male, neutered Cavalier King Charles spaniel is
presented for an episode of acute collapse with inability to sup-
port himself on the hind limbs and disorientation. Based on the
radiographs and history, which one of the following tests would be
next indicated?
E - Echocardiography
A - Magnetic resonance imaging
B - Edrophonium challenge test
C - Myelography
D - Bronchoscopy
E - Echocardiography
An eight-year-old dog is found recumbent and non-responsive in
a horse pasture. His left pupil is small, the right one is moderately
dilated but responds to light. The right upper eyelid and lip are
droopy, hanging lower than normal. Head trauma is suspected.
The mucous membranes are pale pink, capillary refill time is 1-2
seconds.
T= 98.7°F, (37.0°C) [N 100-102.5°F, 37.8-39.2°C]
HR=56 [N 90-160 beats/min] B - Cheyne-Stokes breathing
The respiratory rate and pattern are quite variable. He breathes
fast and deep for 5-6 breaths, then more slowly and shallowly, then
is apneic for 10 seconds. The pattern repeats over and over. What
is this respiratory pattern?
, NAVLE ACTUAL EXAM/ NORTHERN AMERICAN VETERINARY LICENSING EXAM 2025
QUESTIONS AND ANSWRS|WELL STRUCTURED|A+ GRADED|
A - Orthopnea
B - Cheyne-Stokes breathing
C - Apneustic respiration pattern
D - Agonal respiration
E - Kussmaul pattern
A seven-year-old cat is presented with miosis, ptosis, enophthal-
mos, and protruded nictitating membrane involving the left eye.
These signs are caused by DAMAGE to which one of the following
innervation pathways?
D - Left sympathetic innervation to the eye
A - Right trigeminal innervation to the eye
B - Right parasympathetic innervation to the eye
C - Left oculomotor innervation to the eye
D - Left sympathetic innervation to the eye
E - Right vagal innervation to the eye
A flock of sheep has been grazing on Sorghum halepense (John-
son grass), Tetradymia spp. (horsebrush) and Artemisia nova
(black sage). Many of the exposed animals have edema, especial-
ly in their heads. This lamb has edema around the eyes and the
ears show hyperkeratinized tissue. What is the photosensitizing
agent responsible for this condition?
C - Phylloerythrin
A - Tetradymia spp.
B - Chlorophyll
C - Phylloerythrin
D - Artemisia nova
E - Bile acids
A young adult dairy cow is presented for evaluation in Minnesota
in February. She has multifocal, nonpruritic, circular, alopecic, and
gray-white crusty lesions, mainly affecting the head and neck.
Several other herdmates are similarly affected, with lesions also
on the chest and limbs. What is the most common way to address
this condition?
E - No treatment
A - Cull the worst-affected cows
B - Oral griseofulvin
C - Parenteral oxytetracycline
D - Pour-on doramectin
E - No treatment
What is the purpose of placing a permanent rumen fistula in some
cattle?
A - This procedure is not done on a permanent basis in cows
B - Allow for direct administration of medications into rumen D - Create transfaunation donors
long-term
C - Manage vagal indigestion in the fistulated animal
D - Create transfaunation donors
E - Treat traumatic reticuloperitonitis in the fistulated animal
Which one of the following choices includes the cardinal sign of
trigeminal neuritis?
A - Masseter muscle pain associated with chewing
B - Circling and head tilt toward side of lesion, no other signs D - Inability to close the mouth
C - Dysphagia, dysphonia and stridor
D - Inability to close the mouth
E - Paralyzed eyelid, ear or lip on one or both sides of the face
Two calves aged eight weeks are presented that are both down
and extremely weak. They are depressed and lying in pools of
foul-smelling brown diarrhea with a small amount of blood. One
other calf died suddenly the night before with no signs at all.
