AQA PSYCHOLOGY A LEVEL 2021 PAPER 2
MS
Give mone mreason mwhy mschema's mare museful? m-answers mWhen mwe're min munknown
msituations mschemas mhelp mus mknow mhow mto mbehave. mSo mwhen mwe mdo mnot mknow mwhat
mto mdo mour mschema mfills min mthe mgaps mfor mus mand mallow mus mto mprocess msituations
mbetter.
Give mone mreason mwhy mschema's mare mnot museful? m-answers mschemas mmay mexclude
minformation mwhich mdoesn't mconform mto mour mprior mexpectations. mAs ma mresult, mwe mmay
mform mstereotypes mwhich mare mdifficult mto mshift, meven mif mnew,disputing minformation mis
mpresented. mThis mmeans mwe mmay mnot mbe mprocessing mthe mworld maround mus maccurately
mand mmay mmisjudge mor mrepresent ma mperson mor msituation.
Discuss mthe mdefense mmechanism mshown mby mJed? m-answers mDisplacement mis mwhen mwe
mredirect mour mhostile mfeelings monto msomething melse mbecause mit mis mnot mappropriate mto
mexpress mtheir mfeeling mtowards mthe mperson mor mobject min mquestion. mJed mcan't mtake mhis
mfrustration mout mon mhis mteacher, mwho missued mthe mdetention mand mhe mdisplaced mhis
mfeelings mby mkicking mthe mlocker.
Outline mthe mkey mfeatures mof mthe mbehaviourist mapproach. mCompare mto mthe mbiological
mapproach, m
(A01 mBehaviourist) m-answers mThe mbehaviourist mapproach msuggests mthat mthe mbasic
mprocesses mthat mgovern mlearning min mall mspecies mare mthe msame. mWe mlearn mthrough mtwo
mconcepts: moperant mconditioning mand mclassical mconditioning.
Outline mthe mkey mfeatures mof mthe mbehaviourist mapproach. mCompare mto mthe mbiological
mapproach, m(classical mconditioning) m-answers mThe midea mof mclassical mconditioning mwas
mdeveloped mby mPavlov mwho mfound mthat mwe mlearn mthrough massociation. mHe mfound mthat mit
mwas mpossible mto mcondition mdogs mto massociate mthe msound mof ma mbell mwith mfood. mThis
mresulted min mthe mdogs mproducing ma msalivation mresponse mat mthe msound mof ma mbell meven
mwhen mno mfood mwas mpresent. mPavlov mdemonstrated mthat mrepeated mexposure mto man
mevent mleads mto ma mlearned mand muncontrollable mbehaviour.
, Outline mthe mkey mfeatures mof mthe mbehaviourist mapproach. mCompare mto mthe mbiological
mapproach, m(operant mconditioning) m-answers mSkinner msuggested mbehaviour mresulted mfrom
mlearning mthrough mthe mconsequences mof mour mactions. mHe mconducted mresearch minto
moperant mconditioning mtheory musing mrats, mand mfound mthat mthree mtypes mof mconsequences
mwill maffect mbehaviour: mpositive mreinforcement minvolves mrewarding ma mbehaviour, mwhich
mincreases mit mbeing mrepeated; mnegative mreinforcement minvolves mremoving man munpleasant
moutcome mto mincrease mit mbeing mrepeated; mpunishment minvolves madding man munpleasant
moutcome,reducing mthe mbehaviour.
Outline mthe mkey mfeatures mof mthe mbehaviourist mapproach. mCompare mto mthe mbiological
mapproach, m(similarity mto mbiological) m-answers mBoth mthe mbehaviourist mapproach mand
mbiological mapproach mshare ma msimilarity min mbeing mdeterminist. mBoth mignore mthe minfluence
mthat mthe mperson mcan mhave mand mwhether mthey mhave mfree mwill mand mcan mmake mtheir
mown mchoices min mthese mdecisions.
Outline mthe mkey mfeatures mof mthe mbehaviourist mapproach. mCompare mto mthe mbiological
mapproach, m(difference) m-answers mHowever, mthey mdiffer min mthat mthe mbehaviourist mapproach
mis menvironmentally mdeterminist mwhile mthe mbiological mapproach mis mbiologically mdeterminist.
mStating mthat mbehaviour mis mthe mproduct mof minternal mbiological mfactors m(e.g. mgenes,
mhormones, mneurotransmitters, metc.) mwhile mbehaviourists margue mthat mbehaviour mis
mdetermined mby mthe menvironment mand mis ma mproduct mof mstimulus-response massociations
Outline mthe mkey mfeatures mof mthe mbehaviourist mapproach. mCompare mto mthe mbiological
mapproach m(similarity) m-answers mBoth mapproaches mtake ma mnomothetic mapproach mwhen
mstudying mhuman mbehaviour. mBoth minvestigate mbehaviour mto mtry mto mcreate muniversal mlaws
mthat mapply mto mall mhuman mbeings. mBiologists margue mthat mthis mis mpossible mbecause
mhuman mbeings mshare msimilar mphysiologies, mand mbehaviourists margue mthat mthis mis mpossible
mbecause mall mbehaviour mis mthe mresult mof mlearning mand mstimulus-response massociations.
mTherefore, mthe maim mof mgenerating muniversal mlaws mthat mapply mto mall mhumans mis manother
msimilarity mbetween mthe mbehaviourist mand mbiological mapproaches.
Outline mthe mkey mfeatures mof mthe mbehaviourist mapproach. mCompare mto mthe mbiological
mapproach m(nature m+ mnurture) m-answers mthe mbehaviourist mapproach mand mbiological
mapproach mare mdifferent min mtheir mposition mon mthe mnature-nurture mdebate. mBehaviourist
mviews mrest mfirmly mon mthe mnurture mside mof mthe mdebate, mand mthat mhuman mbeings mare
mblank mslates mand mthat mall mbehaviour mis mlearned. mBiological mpsychologists margue ma
mnature-based mview mof mbehaviour. mThey mposit mthat mbehaviour mis mthe mresult mof minnate
mbiological mfactors m(e.g. mgenes, mhormones, mneurotransmitters. metc.) mand mis, mtherefore, mthe
mproduct mof mnature mand mnot mnurture. mTherefore, mdespite mtheir msimilarities min mterms mof
mdeterminism mand mtheir mapproach mto minvestigation, mthe mbehaviourist mand mbiological
mapproaches mare mradically mdifferent min mterms mof mtheir mposition mon mthe mnature-nurture
mdebate.
MS
Give mone mreason mwhy mschema's mare museful? m-answers mWhen mwe're min munknown
msituations mschemas mhelp mus mknow mhow mto mbehave. mSo mwhen mwe mdo mnot mknow mwhat
mto mdo mour mschema mfills min mthe mgaps mfor mus mand mallow mus mto mprocess msituations
mbetter.
Give mone mreason mwhy mschema's mare mnot museful? m-answers mschemas mmay mexclude
minformation mwhich mdoesn't mconform mto mour mprior mexpectations. mAs ma mresult, mwe mmay
mform mstereotypes mwhich mare mdifficult mto mshift, meven mif mnew,disputing minformation mis
mpresented. mThis mmeans mwe mmay mnot mbe mprocessing mthe mworld maround mus maccurately
mand mmay mmisjudge mor mrepresent ma mperson mor msituation.
Discuss mthe mdefense mmechanism mshown mby mJed? m-answers mDisplacement mis mwhen mwe
mredirect mour mhostile mfeelings monto msomething melse mbecause mit mis mnot mappropriate mto
mexpress mtheir mfeeling mtowards mthe mperson mor mobject min mquestion. mJed mcan't mtake mhis
mfrustration mout mon mhis mteacher, mwho missued mthe mdetention mand mhe mdisplaced mhis
mfeelings mby mkicking mthe mlocker.
Outline mthe mkey mfeatures mof mthe mbehaviourist mapproach. mCompare mto mthe mbiological
mapproach, m
(A01 mBehaviourist) m-answers mThe mbehaviourist mapproach msuggests mthat mthe mbasic
mprocesses mthat mgovern mlearning min mall mspecies mare mthe msame. mWe mlearn mthrough mtwo
mconcepts: moperant mconditioning mand mclassical mconditioning.
Outline mthe mkey mfeatures mof mthe mbehaviourist mapproach. mCompare mto mthe mbiological
mapproach, m(classical mconditioning) m-answers mThe midea mof mclassical mconditioning mwas
mdeveloped mby mPavlov mwho mfound mthat mwe mlearn mthrough massociation. mHe mfound mthat mit
mwas mpossible mto mcondition mdogs mto massociate mthe msound mof ma mbell mwith mfood. mThis
mresulted min mthe mdogs mproducing ma msalivation mresponse mat mthe msound mof ma mbell meven
mwhen mno mfood mwas mpresent. mPavlov mdemonstrated mthat mrepeated mexposure mto man
mevent mleads mto ma mlearned mand muncontrollable mbehaviour.
, Outline mthe mkey mfeatures mof mthe mbehaviourist mapproach. mCompare mto mthe mbiological
mapproach, m(operant mconditioning) m-answers mSkinner msuggested mbehaviour mresulted mfrom
mlearning mthrough mthe mconsequences mof mour mactions. mHe mconducted mresearch minto
moperant mconditioning mtheory musing mrats, mand mfound mthat mthree mtypes mof mconsequences
mwill maffect mbehaviour: mpositive mreinforcement minvolves mrewarding ma mbehaviour, mwhich
mincreases mit mbeing mrepeated; mnegative mreinforcement minvolves mremoving man munpleasant
moutcome mto mincrease mit mbeing mrepeated; mpunishment minvolves madding man munpleasant
moutcome,reducing mthe mbehaviour.
Outline mthe mkey mfeatures mof mthe mbehaviourist mapproach. mCompare mto mthe mbiological
mapproach, m(similarity mto mbiological) m-answers mBoth mthe mbehaviourist mapproach mand
mbiological mapproach mshare ma msimilarity min mbeing mdeterminist. mBoth mignore mthe minfluence
mthat mthe mperson mcan mhave mand mwhether mthey mhave mfree mwill mand mcan mmake mtheir
mown mchoices min mthese mdecisions.
Outline mthe mkey mfeatures mof mthe mbehaviourist mapproach. mCompare mto mthe mbiological
mapproach, m(difference) m-answers mHowever, mthey mdiffer min mthat mthe mbehaviourist mapproach
mis menvironmentally mdeterminist mwhile mthe mbiological mapproach mis mbiologically mdeterminist.
mStating mthat mbehaviour mis mthe mproduct mof minternal mbiological mfactors m(e.g. mgenes,
mhormones, mneurotransmitters, metc.) mwhile mbehaviourists margue mthat mbehaviour mis
mdetermined mby mthe menvironment mand mis ma mproduct mof mstimulus-response massociations
Outline mthe mkey mfeatures mof mthe mbehaviourist mapproach. mCompare mto mthe mbiological
mapproach m(similarity) m-answers mBoth mapproaches mtake ma mnomothetic mapproach mwhen
mstudying mhuman mbehaviour. mBoth minvestigate mbehaviour mto mtry mto mcreate muniversal mlaws
mthat mapply mto mall mhuman mbeings. mBiologists margue mthat mthis mis mpossible mbecause
mhuman mbeings mshare msimilar mphysiologies, mand mbehaviourists margue mthat mthis mis mpossible
mbecause mall mbehaviour mis mthe mresult mof mlearning mand mstimulus-response massociations.
mTherefore, mthe maim mof mgenerating muniversal mlaws mthat mapply mto mall mhumans mis manother
msimilarity mbetween mthe mbehaviourist mand mbiological mapproaches.
Outline mthe mkey mfeatures mof mthe mbehaviourist mapproach. mCompare mto mthe mbiological
mapproach m(nature m+ mnurture) m-answers mthe mbehaviourist mapproach mand mbiological
mapproach mare mdifferent min mtheir mposition mon mthe mnature-nurture mdebate. mBehaviourist
mviews mrest mfirmly mon mthe mnurture mside mof mthe mdebate, mand mthat mhuman mbeings mare
mblank mslates mand mthat mall mbehaviour mis mlearned. mBiological mpsychologists margue ma
mnature-based mview mof mbehaviour. mThey mposit mthat mbehaviour mis mthe mresult mof minnate
mbiological mfactors m(e.g. mgenes, mhormones, mneurotransmitters. metc.) mand mis, mtherefore, mthe
mproduct mof mnature mand mnot mnurture. mTherefore, mdespite mtheir msimilarities min mterms mof
mdeterminism mand mtheir mapproach mto minvestigation, mthe mbehaviourist mand mbiological
mapproaches mare mradically mdifferent min mterms mof mtheir mposition mon mthe mnature-nurture
mdebate.
