Patho Exam 5
sexually transmitted diseases commonly responsible for PID
- chlamydia (also gonorrhea)
- chlamydia bc it also has few s/s until it’s a big problem
- PID can cause infertility
STIs can cause infertility for M/W
- Chlamydia: Can damage the fallopian tubes and lead to pelvic inflammatory disease
(PID). PID can cause tubal factor infertility (TFI), which is a common cause of infertility.
Can reduce sperm quality and motility
- Gonorrhea: Can damage the fallopian tubes and lead to PID. Can cause epididymitis,
which can lead to infertility
- Mycoplasma genitalium: Can cause PID and lead to TFI.
- Syphilis: Can cause infertility if left untreated. Syphilis can also cause other serious
problems, including brain damage, blindness, and paralysis. Can cause epididymitis and
erectile dysfunction, and damage the epididymis during the tertiary stage of infection
- also genital herpes - causing low sperm count, HIV, hepatitis
testicular torsion S/S and immediate management
- Sudden, severe pain in one testicle, swelling and redness in the scrotum, nausea and
vomiting, testicle may appear higher than normal, pain in the lower abdomen or groin
- surgery to untwist spermatic cord and prevent testicle death
pulmonary disease most common S/S
- Shortness of breath: A common symptom of many pulmonary diseases, including
COPD, pulmonary embolism, and pulmonary hypertension
- Coughing: A chronic cough, sometimes with phlegm, is a common symptom of COPD
- Wheezing: A common symptom of COPD
- Fatigue: A common symptom of COPD
- Chest pain: A symptom of pulmonary hypertension
- Low blood oxygen levels: A symptom of pulmonary embolism
- Swelling in the feet: A symptom of some lung diseases
- Increasing chest discomfort: A symptom of pleural effusion
chronic hypoxia can lead to what long-standing changes in the body
conditions causing alveolar dead space
- due to conditions like pulmonary vascular remodeling, resulting in uneven blood flow to
the alveoli, as well as structural changes in the lung tissue like fibrosis, which can impair
gas exchange and effectively create areas of the lung that are ventilated but not
perfused, contributing to increased dead space ventilation
, Pulmonary hypertension: chronic hypoxia triggers pulmonary vasoconstriction, leading to
increased pulmonary arterial pressure and eventually pulmonary hypertension. This can cause
uneven blood flow distribution in the lungs, with some alveoli receiving less blood than others,
creating areas of alveolar dead space.
Alveolar destruction: In conditions like COPD, chronic hypoxia can lead to destruction of
alveolar walls, resulting in larger, less efficient alveoli and a reduction in the overall surface area
available for gas exchange, further increasing dead space
Fibrosis: Prolonged hypoxia can stimulate the production of collagen fibers in the lung tissue,
leading to fibrosis which stiffens the lung parenchyma and impairs gas exchange, contributing to
increased dead space
Ventilation-perfusion mismatch: primary mechanism behind increased dead space in chronic
hypoxia, where areas of the lung are adequately ventilated with air but poorly perfused with
blood, leading to inefficient gas exchange
Clinical implications of chronic hypoxia:
- Decreased exercise tolerance: Increased dead space limits the amount of oxygen that
can be taken up by the blood, leading to shortness of breath during physical activity
- Cyanosis: A bluish discoloration of the skin due to low oxygen saturation in the blood,
which can be a sign of severe chronic hypoxia
- Right ventricular failure In advanced stages, pulmonary hypertension caused by
chronic hypoxia can lead to right ventricular strain and potential heart failure
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) a life-threatening lung condition that occurs
when the lungs are severely injured and can't provide enough oxygen to the body:
- Symptoms: severe shortness of breath, rapid breathing, low blood oxygen, and clicking,
bubbling, or rattling sounds in the lungs
- Causes: sepsis, pneumonia, trauma, inhaling chemicals, lung transplant
- treatment: supplemental oxygen, fluid management, and medication, mechanical
ventilator
- swelling causes fluid to build up in alveoli
- Excessive ROS generated by the injured endothelium/epithelium as well as recruited
leukocytes plays a major role in ARDS progression and lung damage
- ROS upregulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion
molecules amplifying the tissue damage and pulmonary edema
- Prostaglandins, particularly those of the E series (PGE), are pro-inflammatory
mediators, and elevated levels can contribute to the inflammatory cascade seen in
ARDS, leading to lung tissue damage and impaired gas exchange
- Neutrophils are activated, release inflammatory mediators like cytokines (TNF-alpha,
IL-1, IL-8) and chemokines, which recruit additional inflammatory cells to the lungs
- inflammatory mediators damage the pulmonary endothelial cells lining the capillaries,
causing increased permeability and allowing fluid to leak into the alveolar spaces
sexually transmitted diseases commonly responsible for PID
- chlamydia (also gonorrhea)
- chlamydia bc it also has few s/s until it’s a big problem
- PID can cause infertility
STIs can cause infertility for M/W
- Chlamydia: Can damage the fallopian tubes and lead to pelvic inflammatory disease
(PID). PID can cause tubal factor infertility (TFI), which is a common cause of infertility.
Can reduce sperm quality and motility
- Gonorrhea: Can damage the fallopian tubes and lead to PID. Can cause epididymitis,
which can lead to infertility
- Mycoplasma genitalium: Can cause PID and lead to TFI.
- Syphilis: Can cause infertility if left untreated. Syphilis can also cause other serious
problems, including brain damage, blindness, and paralysis. Can cause epididymitis and
erectile dysfunction, and damage the epididymis during the tertiary stage of infection
- also genital herpes - causing low sperm count, HIV, hepatitis
testicular torsion S/S and immediate management
- Sudden, severe pain in one testicle, swelling and redness in the scrotum, nausea and
vomiting, testicle may appear higher than normal, pain in the lower abdomen or groin
- surgery to untwist spermatic cord and prevent testicle death
pulmonary disease most common S/S
- Shortness of breath: A common symptom of many pulmonary diseases, including
COPD, pulmonary embolism, and pulmonary hypertension
- Coughing: A chronic cough, sometimes with phlegm, is a common symptom of COPD
- Wheezing: A common symptom of COPD
- Fatigue: A common symptom of COPD
- Chest pain: A symptom of pulmonary hypertension
- Low blood oxygen levels: A symptom of pulmonary embolism
- Swelling in the feet: A symptom of some lung diseases
- Increasing chest discomfort: A symptom of pleural effusion
chronic hypoxia can lead to what long-standing changes in the body
conditions causing alveolar dead space
- due to conditions like pulmonary vascular remodeling, resulting in uneven blood flow to
the alveoli, as well as structural changes in the lung tissue like fibrosis, which can impair
gas exchange and effectively create areas of the lung that are ventilated but not
perfused, contributing to increased dead space ventilation
, Pulmonary hypertension: chronic hypoxia triggers pulmonary vasoconstriction, leading to
increased pulmonary arterial pressure and eventually pulmonary hypertension. This can cause
uneven blood flow distribution in the lungs, with some alveoli receiving less blood than others,
creating areas of alveolar dead space.
Alveolar destruction: In conditions like COPD, chronic hypoxia can lead to destruction of
alveolar walls, resulting in larger, less efficient alveoli and a reduction in the overall surface area
available for gas exchange, further increasing dead space
Fibrosis: Prolonged hypoxia can stimulate the production of collagen fibers in the lung tissue,
leading to fibrosis which stiffens the lung parenchyma and impairs gas exchange, contributing to
increased dead space
Ventilation-perfusion mismatch: primary mechanism behind increased dead space in chronic
hypoxia, where areas of the lung are adequately ventilated with air but poorly perfused with
blood, leading to inefficient gas exchange
Clinical implications of chronic hypoxia:
- Decreased exercise tolerance: Increased dead space limits the amount of oxygen that
can be taken up by the blood, leading to shortness of breath during physical activity
- Cyanosis: A bluish discoloration of the skin due to low oxygen saturation in the blood,
which can be a sign of severe chronic hypoxia
- Right ventricular failure In advanced stages, pulmonary hypertension caused by
chronic hypoxia can lead to right ventricular strain and potential heart failure
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) a life-threatening lung condition that occurs
when the lungs are severely injured and can't provide enough oxygen to the body:
- Symptoms: severe shortness of breath, rapid breathing, low blood oxygen, and clicking,
bubbling, or rattling sounds in the lungs
- Causes: sepsis, pneumonia, trauma, inhaling chemicals, lung transplant
- treatment: supplemental oxygen, fluid management, and medication, mechanical
ventilator
- swelling causes fluid to build up in alveoli
- Excessive ROS generated by the injured endothelium/epithelium as well as recruited
leukocytes plays a major role in ARDS progression and lung damage
- ROS upregulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion
molecules amplifying the tissue damage and pulmonary edema
- Prostaglandins, particularly those of the E series (PGE), are pro-inflammatory
mediators, and elevated levels can contribute to the inflammatory cascade seen in
ARDS, leading to lung tissue damage and impaired gas exchange
- Neutrophils are activated, release inflammatory mediators like cytokines (TNF-alpha,
IL-1, IL-8) and chemokines, which recruit additional inflammatory cells to the lungs
- inflammatory mediators damage the pulmonary endothelial cells lining the capillaries,
causing increased permeability and allowing fluid to leak into the alveolar spaces
