TEST BANK
,Table of contents
Chapter 1 - Cellular Biology ___________________________________________________________ 3
Chapter 2 - Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Environmental Agents 16 Chapter 3 - The Cellular
Environment Fluids and Electrolytes Acids and
Bases ______________________________________________________________________________ 28
Chapter 4 - Genes and Genetic Diseases __________________________________________________ 41
Chapter 5 - Genes Environment-Lifestyle and Common Diseases _______________________________ 51
Chapter 6 - Epigenetics and Disease ______________________________________________________ 59
Chapter 7 - Innate Immunity Inflammation __________________________________________________ 64
Chapter 8 - Adaptive Immunity ___________________________________________________________ 78
Chapter 9 - Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation _______________________________________ 89
Chapter 10 - Infection ________________________________________________________________ 102
Chapter 11 - Stress and Disease _______________________________________________________ 110
Chapter 12 - Cancer Biology___________________________________________________________ 117
Chapter 13 - Cancer Epidemiology ______________________________________________________ 129
Chapter 14 - Cancer in Children ________________________________________________________ 135
Chapter 15 - Structure and Function of the Neurologic System ________________________________ 140
Chapter 16 - Pain Temperature Regulation Sleep and Sensory Function 151 Chapter 17 - Alterations in
Cognitive Systems Cerebral Hemodynamics and
Motor Function _____________________________________________________________________ 165
Chapter 18 - Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and
the Neuromuscular Junction ___________________________________________________________ 179
Chapter 19 - Neurobiology of Schizophrenia Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders 189
Chapter 20 - Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children __________________________________ 195
Chapter 21 - Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation 202
Chapter 22 - Alterations of Hormonal Regulation ___________________________________________ 211
Chapter 23 - Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition NEW _______________________________________ 223
Chapter 24 - Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems _____________________________ 228
Chapter 25 - Alterations of the Female Reproductive System _________________________________ 237
Chapter 26 - Alterations of the Male Reproductive System ___________________________________ 246
,Chapter 27 - Sexually Transmitted Infections ___________________________ 252
Chapter 28 - Structure and Function of the Hematologic System ___________ 260
Chapter 29 - Alterations of Erythrocyte Platelet and Hemostatic Function ____ 270
Chapter 30 - Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function _____________ 280
Chapter 31 - Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children ______________ 287
Chapter 32 - Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic
Systems _______________________________________________________ 297
Chapter 33 - Alterations of Cardiovascular Function _____________________ 309
Chapter 34 - Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children ____________ 323
Chapter 35 - Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System _____________ 331
Chapter 36 - Alterations of Pulmonary Function_________________________ 341
Chapter 37 - Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children _______________ 357
Chapter 38 - Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems _____ 365
Chapter 39 - Alterations of Renal and Urinary Function ___________________ 375
Chapter 40 - Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children _____ 385
Chapter 41 - Structure and Function of the Digestive System ______________ 393
Chapter 42 - Alterations of Digestive Function __________________________ 404
Chapter 43 - Alterations of Digestive Function in Children _________________ 415
Chapter 44 - Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System_________ 424
Chapter 45 - Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function ____________________ 436
Chapter 46 - Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children ___________ 448
Chapter 47 - Structure Function and Disorders of the Integument ___________ 457
Chapter 48 - Alterations of the Integument in Children____________________ 468
Chapter 49 - Shock Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome and Burns in
Adults _________________________________________________________ 476
Chapter 50 - Shock Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome and Burns in
Children________________________________________________________ 483
,Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
a. Cells can produce proteins.
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes.
c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
d. Cells can synthesize fats.
ANS: C
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their
surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular
metabolic absorption.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
2. Where is most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS: C
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most
of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its
activity. The mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. Lysosomes
function as the intracellular digestive system.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove
hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS: B
, Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove
hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H2O2, which is
a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes.
Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus
and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore
complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and
contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins,
lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. An endosome is a vesical that has been pinched off
from the cellular membrane.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell
injury?
a. Ribosome
b. Golgi complex
c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d. Lysosomes
ANS: D
The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes
within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix.
Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the
lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular
self-digestion. The chief function of a ribosome is to provide sites for cellular protein
synthesis. The Golgi complex is a network of flattened, smooth vesicles and membranes often
located near the cell nucleus. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in steroid
hormone production and removing toxic substances from the cell.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
5. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction
b. Secretion of cortisol
c. Increased retention of water
d. Breakdown of fat
ANS: C
Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes
increases in heart rate and force of contraction. Increased cortisol secretion is due to ACTH.
Breakdown of fat is due to glucagon.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
ANS: B
, The ffour fdesignated fphases fof fthe fcell fcycle fare: f(1) fthe fG1 fphase f(G f= fgap), fwhich
f is fthe fperiod fbetween fthe fM fphase f(M f= fmitosis) fand fthe fstart fof fDNA fsynthesis; f(2)
fthe fS fphase f(S
= fsynthesis), fduring fwhich fDNA fis fsynthesized fin fthe fcell fnucleus; f(3) fthe fG2 f phase,
fduring fwhich f RNA fand fprotein fsynthesis foccurs, fthe fperiod fbetween fthe fcompletion
fof fDNA f synthesis fand fthe f next fphase f(M); fand f(4) fthe fM fphase, fwhich f includes
fnuclear fand f cytoplasmic fdivision.
PTS: f f1 DIF: Cognitive fLevel: fRemembering
7. What forganic fcompound ffacilitates ftransportation facross fcell fmembranes fby
facting fas freceptors, ftransport fchannels f for felectrolytes, fand fenzymes fto fdrive
factive fpumps?
a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
ANS: f C
Proteins fhave fseveral ffunctions, fincluding facting fas freceptors, ftransport fchannels ffor
felectrolytes, fand fenzymes fto fdrive factive fpumps fLipids f help fact fas fthe f “glue” f holding
fcell f membranes ftogether. fProteases fcause fthe fbreakdown fof fprotein. fCarbohydrates fare
finvolved fin fcellular fprotection fand f lubrication f and f help fproduce fenergy f via foxidative
fphosphorylation.
PTS: f f1 DIF: Cognitive fLevel: fRemembering
8. Understanding fthe fvarious fsteps fof fproteolytic fcascades fmay fbe fuseful fin
fdesigning fdrug ftherapy f for fwhich f human fdiseases?
a. Cardiac fand fvascular fdisorders
b. Autoimmune fand fmalignant fdisorders
c. Gastrointestinal fand frenal fdisorders
d. Endocrine fand fgastrointestinal fdisorders
ANS: f B
Understanding fthe fvarious fsteps finvolved fin fthis fprocess fis fcrucial ffor fdesigning
fdrug f interventions. fDysregulation fof fproteases ffeatures fprominently fin fmany fhuman
fdiseases, f including fcancer, fautoimmunity, fand f neurodegenerative fdisorders. fCardiac,
fvascular, fgastrointestinal, frenal, fand fendocrine f disorders fdo fnot finvolve fthis fprocess.
PTS: f f1 DIF: Cognitive fLevel: fRemembering
9. Which fstructure fprevents fwater-soluble fmolecules ffrom fentering fcells facross fthe
fplasma f membrane?
a. Carbohydrate fchains
ANS: D
, b. Glycoprotein fchannels
c. Membrane fchannel fproteins
d. Lipid fbilayer
ANS: B
,Table of contents
Chapter 1 - Cellular Biology ___________________________________________________________ 3
Chapter 2 - Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Environmental Agents 16 Chapter 3 - The Cellular
Environment Fluids and Electrolytes Acids and
Bases ______________________________________________________________________________ 28
Chapter 4 - Genes and Genetic Diseases __________________________________________________ 41
Chapter 5 - Genes Environment-Lifestyle and Common Diseases _______________________________ 51
Chapter 6 - Epigenetics and Disease ______________________________________________________ 59
Chapter 7 - Innate Immunity Inflammation __________________________________________________ 64
Chapter 8 - Adaptive Immunity ___________________________________________________________ 78
Chapter 9 - Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation _______________________________________ 89
Chapter 10 - Infection ________________________________________________________________ 102
Chapter 11 - Stress and Disease _______________________________________________________ 110
Chapter 12 - Cancer Biology___________________________________________________________ 117
Chapter 13 - Cancer Epidemiology ______________________________________________________ 129
Chapter 14 - Cancer in Children ________________________________________________________ 135
Chapter 15 - Structure and Function of the Neurologic System ________________________________ 140
Chapter 16 - Pain Temperature Regulation Sleep and Sensory Function 151 Chapter 17 - Alterations in
Cognitive Systems Cerebral Hemodynamics and
Motor Function _____________________________________________________________________ 165
Chapter 18 - Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and
the Neuromuscular Junction ___________________________________________________________ 179
Chapter 19 - Neurobiology of Schizophrenia Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders 189
Chapter 20 - Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children __________________________________ 195
Chapter 21 - Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation 202
Chapter 22 - Alterations of Hormonal Regulation ___________________________________________ 211
Chapter 23 - Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition NEW _______________________________________ 223
Chapter 24 - Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems _____________________________ 228
Chapter 25 - Alterations of the Female Reproductive System _________________________________ 237
Chapter 26 - Alterations of the Male Reproductive System ___________________________________ 246
,Chapter 27 - Sexually Transmitted Infections ___________________________ 252
Chapter 28 - Structure and Function of the Hematologic System ___________ 260
Chapter 29 - Alterations of Erythrocyte Platelet and Hemostatic Function ____ 270
Chapter 30 - Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function _____________ 280
Chapter 31 - Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children ______________ 287
Chapter 32 - Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic
Systems _______________________________________________________ 297
Chapter 33 - Alterations of Cardiovascular Function _____________________ 309
Chapter 34 - Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children ____________ 323
Chapter 35 - Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System _____________ 331
Chapter 36 - Alterations of Pulmonary Function_________________________ 341
Chapter 37 - Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children _______________ 357
Chapter 38 - Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems _____ 365
Chapter 39 - Alterations of Renal and Urinary Function ___________________ 375
Chapter 40 - Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children _____ 385
Chapter 41 - Structure and Function of the Digestive System ______________ 393
Chapter 42 - Alterations of Digestive Function __________________________ 404
Chapter 43 - Alterations of Digestive Function in Children _________________ 415
Chapter 44 - Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System_________ 424
Chapter 45 - Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function ____________________ 436
Chapter 46 - Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children ___________ 448
Chapter 47 - Structure Function and Disorders of the Integument ___________ 457
Chapter 48 - Alterations of the Integument in Children____________________ 468
Chapter 49 - Shock Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome and Burns in
Adults _________________________________________________________ 476
Chapter 50 - Shock Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome and Burns in
Children________________________________________________________ 483
,Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
a. Cells can produce proteins.
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes.
c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
d. Cells can synthesize fats.
ANS: C
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their
surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular
metabolic absorption.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
2. Where is most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS: C
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most
of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its
activity. The mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. Lysosomes
function as the intracellular digestive system.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove
hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS: B
, Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove
hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H2O2, which is
a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes.
Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus
and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore
complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and
contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins,
lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. An endosome is a vesical that has been pinched off
from the cellular membrane.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell
injury?
a. Ribosome
b. Golgi complex
c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d. Lysosomes
ANS: D
The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes
within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix.
Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the
lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular
self-digestion. The chief function of a ribosome is to provide sites for cellular protein
synthesis. The Golgi complex is a network of flattened, smooth vesicles and membranes often
located near the cell nucleus. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in steroid
hormone production and removing toxic substances from the cell.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
5. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction
b. Secretion of cortisol
c. Increased retention of water
d. Breakdown of fat
ANS: C
Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes
increases in heart rate and force of contraction. Increased cortisol secretion is due to ACTH.
Breakdown of fat is due to glucagon.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
ANS: B
, The ffour fdesignated fphases fof fthe fcell fcycle fare: f(1) fthe fG1 fphase f(G f= fgap), fwhich
f is fthe fperiod fbetween fthe fM fphase f(M f= fmitosis) fand fthe fstart fof fDNA fsynthesis; f(2)
fthe fS fphase f(S
= fsynthesis), fduring fwhich fDNA fis fsynthesized fin fthe fcell fnucleus; f(3) fthe fG2 f phase,
fduring fwhich f RNA fand fprotein fsynthesis foccurs, fthe fperiod fbetween fthe fcompletion
fof fDNA f synthesis fand fthe f next fphase f(M); fand f(4) fthe fM fphase, fwhich f includes
fnuclear fand f cytoplasmic fdivision.
PTS: f f1 DIF: Cognitive fLevel: fRemembering
7. What forganic fcompound ffacilitates ftransportation facross fcell fmembranes fby
facting fas freceptors, ftransport fchannels f for felectrolytes, fand fenzymes fto fdrive
factive fpumps?
a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
ANS: f C
Proteins fhave fseveral ffunctions, fincluding facting fas freceptors, ftransport fchannels ffor
felectrolytes, fand fenzymes fto fdrive factive fpumps fLipids f help fact fas fthe f “glue” f holding
fcell f membranes ftogether. fProteases fcause fthe fbreakdown fof fprotein. fCarbohydrates fare
finvolved fin fcellular fprotection fand f lubrication f and f help fproduce fenergy f via foxidative
fphosphorylation.
PTS: f f1 DIF: Cognitive fLevel: fRemembering
8. Understanding fthe fvarious fsteps fof fproteolytic fcascades fmay fbe fuseful fin
fdesigning fdrug ftherapy f for fwhich f human fdiseases?
a. Cardiac fand fvascular fdisorders
b. Autoimmune fand fmalignant fdisorders
c. Gastrointestinal fand frenal fdisorders
d. Endocrine fand fgastrointestinal fdisorders
ANS: f B
Understanding fthe fvarious fsteps finvolved fin fthis fprocess fis fcrucial ffor fdesigning
fdrug f interventions. fDysregulation fof fproteases ffeatures fprominently fin fmany fhuman
fdiseases, f including fcancer, fautoimmunity, fand f neurodegenerative fdisorders. fCardiac,
fvascular, fgastrointestinal, frenal, fand fendocrine f disorders fdo fnot finvolve fthis fprocess.
PTS: f f1 DIF: Cognitive fLevel: fRemembering
9. Which fstructure fprevents fwater-soluble fmolecules ffrom fentering fcells facross fthe
fplasma f membrane?
a. Carbohydrate fchains
ANS: D
, b. Glycoprotein fchannels
c. Membrane fchannel fproteins
d. Lipid fbilayer
ANS: B
