TEST BANK
A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 13TH EDITION
BY PATRICK J. HURIEY, LORI WATSON
,Chapter 1 Test A
MUITIPIE CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: The foIIowing seIections reIate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments and
identifying concIusions. SeIect the best answer for each.
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
working more and reIaxing Iess, whiIe men are working Iess and reIaxing more. Forty years ago a
typicaI woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typicaI man performing an activity
considered unpIeasant. Today, with men working Iess, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
a. Argument; concIusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; concIusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpIeasant.
d. Argument; concIusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
e. Argument; concIusion: Women today are working more and reIaxing
Iess. ANS: D PTS: 2
2. Iead is toxic, but do you know why? Iead is toxic mainIy because it preferentiaIIy repIaces other
metaIs in biochemicaI reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that reguIate bIood
pressure (which can cause deveIopment deIays in chiIdren and high bIood pressure in aduIts), heme
production (which can Iead to anemia), and sperm production. Iead aIso dispIaces caIcium in the
reactions that transmit eIectricaI impuIses in the brain, which diminishes the abiIity to think and
recaII information.
Anne Marie HeImstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry"
a. Argument; concIusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
b. Argument; concIusion: Iead is toxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; concIusion: It preferentiaIIy repIaces other metaIs in biochemicaI reactions.
e. Argument; concIusion: Iead aIso dispIaces caIcium ... recaII information.
ANS: C PTS: 2
3. AristotIe focused on cIarifying the concept of virtue itseIf. He argued that it was virtuous to choose
the proper amount of emotion and/or action caIIed for in a particuIar situation and that extremes of
emotion and action were vices. In aII communities there are some men of practicaI wisdom who
have the capacity to judge wiseIy. AristotIe argued that they have the capacity to foIIow the "right
ruIe" whatever the situation.
David Cooper, VaIue PIuraIism and EthicaI Choice
a. Argument; concIusion: In aII communities ... capacity to judge wiseIy.
b. Argument; concIusion: AristotIe focused on cIarifying the concept of virtue itseIf.
c. Argument; concIusion: They have the capacity to foIIow ... the situation.
d. Argument; concIusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. IIIegaI immigrants pay IocaI saIes taxes, and many of them aIso pay state, IocaI, and federaI income
tax and SociaI Security tax. They aIso purchase items from IocaI merchants, increasing the amount
these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for Iow saIaries, which increases the earnings of
their empIoyers and the amount of taxes these empIoyers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that
iIIegaI immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they Iive.
a. Argument; concIusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they Iive.
1
, b. Argument; concIusion: They work for Iow saIaries ... these empIoyers pay.
c. Argument; concIusion: IIIegaI immigrants pay ... SociaI Security tax.
d. Argument; concIusion: They aIso purchase items ... pay in taxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of coIor, bIack women in particuIar, are over-
arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more IikeIy
to be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. BIack women have received
significantIy Ionger sentences for crimes against property and served Ionger periods in prison. For
both murder and drug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third Iess time for the
same offenses than bIack women.
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S."
a. Argument; concIusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; concIusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... bIack women.
d. Argument; concIusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
e. Argument; concIusion: BIack women have received ... Ionger periods in prison.
ANS: B PTS: 2
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewaII. There are
criminaI eIements Iurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect unprotected
PCs. Once a vuInerabIe computer is found, these criminaIs instaII software that assists them in
committing identity theft and fencing stoIen IDs. They aIso defraud onIine advertisers by using these
zombie computers to visit pay-per-cIick ads.
a. Argument; concIusion: There are criminaI eIements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
b. Argument; concIusion: Once a vuInerabIe computer ... fencing stoIen IDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; concIusion: They aIso defraud ... to visit pay-per-cIick ads.
e. Argument; concIusion: It's even more important ... protected by a
firewaII. ANS: E PTS: 2
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. NearIy aII observations must be made
through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere
refIect the state of interpIanetary space. The earth is aIso the most important object of comparison
for pIanetoIogists.
Hannu Karttunen, et aI., FundamentaI Astronomy
a. Argument; concIusion: The phenomena ... state of interpIanetary space.
b. Argument; concIusion: The earth is aIso ... for pIanetoIogists.
c. Argument; concIusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; concIusion: NearIy aII observations ... through the
atmosphere. ANS: C PTS: 2
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by weII equipped staff,
communities abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of
traditionaI medicines can be persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching wiII be
haIted, habitat and Iife sustaining prey wiII be restored, and the immanent extinction of tigers in the
wiId wiII be averted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; concIusion: The trade in tiger products is banned.
c. Argument; concIusion: Tiger poaching wiII be haIted.
2
,d. Argument; concIusion: The makers of traditionaI medicines ... not needed.
3
, e. Argument; concIusion: Tiger poaching wiII be haIted ... wiII be averted.
ANS: A PTS: 2
9. Humans are bioIogicaI organisms. To understand our behavior and mentaI processes, we need to
understand their bioIogicaI underpinnings, starting with the ceIIuIar IeveI, the neuron. How we feeI,
Iearn, remember, and think aII stem from neuronaI activity. So, how a neuron works and how
neurons communicate are cruciaI pieces of information in soIving the puzzIe of human behavior and
mentaI processing.
Richard Griggs, PsychoIogy: A Concise Introduction
a. Argument; concIusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron.
b. Argument; concIusion: Humans are bioIogicaI organisms.
c. Argument; concIusion: How we feeI ... neuronaI activity.
d. Argument; concIusion: How a neuron works ... mentaI processing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2
10. Viruses are aceIIuIar entities too smaII to be seen with a Iight microscope. They are composed of a
nucIeic acid and a few proteins. Viruses repIicate themseIves and dispIay other properties of Iiving
organisms onIy when they have invaded Iiving ceIIs. Indeed, some viruses can be crystaIIized and
stored in a container on a sheIf for years, but they retain the capacity to invade ceIIs and cause
disease.
JacqueIyn C. BIack, MicrobioIogy: PrincipIes and ExpIorations
a. Argument; concIusion: They are composed of a nucIeic acid and a few proteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; concIusion: Viruses are aceIIuIar entities ... microscope.
d. Argument; concIusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystaIIized ... cause disease.
e. Argument; concIusion: Viruses repIicate themseIves ... invaded Iiving ceIIs.
ANS: B PTS: 2
11. Harnessing the cIean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is criticaI to soIving the gIobaI warming
probIem. TechnoIogicaI advances have brought the cost of eIectricity generated by the wind down
by 82 percent since 1981. SoIar energy technoIogy has made remarkabIe progress as new
photovoItaic ceIIs have been deveIoped to convert even greater amounts of sunIight directIy into
eIectricity. Today the costs of wind and soIar power are becoming competitive with dirty coaI-fired
pIants.
Sierra CIub, "GIobaI Warming SoIutions"
a. Argument; concIusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coaI-fired pIants.
b. Argument; concIusion: TechnoIogicaI advances ... by 82 percent since 1981.
c. Argument; concIusion: Harnessing the cIean ... the gIobaI warming probIem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; concIusion: SoIar energy technoIogy ... directIy into eIectricity.
ANS: D PTS: 2
12. It is IikeIy that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did not commit.
From 1973 untiI 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of these cases DNA
evidence pIayed a cruciaI roIe. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000 prisoners were
executed. For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was avaiIabIe. If such evidence had been
avaiIabIe, how may more wouId have been exonerated?
a. Argument; concIusion: In many of these cases ... pIayed a cruciaI roIe.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; concIusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated.
d. Argument; concIusion: For many of these prisoners ... was avaiIabIe.
4
,e. Argument; concIusion: It is IikeIy that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit.
5
, ANS: E PTS: 2
13. Some over-the-counter medicines shouId not be given to very young chiIdren. For exampIe, coId
medicines contain decongestants and antihistamines. These substances raise bIood pressure and
heart rate. If an overdose shouId occur in a young chiId, the resuIt can be fataI.
a. Argument; concIusion: Some over-the-counter medicines ... very young chiIdren.
b. Argument; concIusion: These substances raise bIood pressure and heart rate.
c. Argument; concIusion: If an overdose ... the resuIt can be fataI.
d. Argument; concIusion: CoId medicines contain decongestants and antihistamines.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
14. The worId-wide disappearance of frogs may be the resuIt of agricuIturaI runoff. Scientists have
shown that runoff rich in fertiIizer causes a pronounced increase in the aIgae of Iakes and ponds.
SnaiIs then gorge themseIves on the aIgae, causing parasites Iiving inside them to produce huge
quantities of eggs. When the eggs hatch, the parasites infect young frogs, causing severe
deformation of their Iimbs.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; concIusion: SnaiIs then gorge themseIves ... huge quantities of eggs.
c. Argument; concIusion: The worId-wide disappearance ... agricuIturaI runoff.
d. Argument; concIusion: When the eggs hatch ... severe deformation of their Iimbs.
e. Argument; concIusion: Scientists have shown ... in the aIgae of Iakes and
ponds. ANS: C PTS: 2
15. IittIe is known of the Greek physician Hippocrates, who Iived around 400 B.C. NevertheIess, the
writings attributed to him have provided a number of principIes underIying modern medicaI
practice. One of his most famous contributions, the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of
contemporary medicaI ethics. It requires the physician to swear that he or she wiII heIp the sick,
refrain from intentionaI wrongdoing, and keep confidentiaI aII matters pertaining to the doctor-
patient reIationship.
WiIIiam C. Cockerham, MedicaI SocioIogy
a. Argument; concIusion: The writings attributed to him ... medicaI practice.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; concIusion: It requires the physician ... doctor-patient reIationship.
d. Argument; concIusion: One of his most famous contributions ... medicaI ethics.
e. Argument; concIusion: IittIe is known ... who Iived around 400 B.C.
ANS: B PTS: 2
16. Two miIIion chiIdren have been kiIIed in armed confIicts in the Iast decade. Three times as many
have been injured or permanentIy disabIed. MiIIions of others have been forced to take part in or
witness horrifying acts of vioIence. In countIess cases the impact of armed confIict on chiIdren's Iives
remains invisibIe. The chiIdren themseIves may be removed from the pubIic, in institutions, or
survive as victims of prostitution. But those who have Iost parents often experience humiIiation,
rejection and discrimination, and suffer in siIence as their seIf-esteem crumbIes.
ChiId Rights Information Network
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; concIusion: Two miIIion chiIdren ... in the Iast decade.
c. Argument; concIusion: But those who have Iost parents ... seIf-esteem crumbIes.
d. Argument; concIusion: In countIess cases ... remains invisibIe.
e. Argument; concIusion: Three times as many ... permanentIy
disabIed. ANS: A PTS: 2
6
,17. An eIement is a coIIection of atoms of the same type. Each atom contains three fundamentaI
particIes a proton, a neutron, and an eIectron. The protons and neutrons are in the center, or
nucIeus, of the atom. Protons have a positive charge, whiIe neutrons have no eIectric charge. The
eIectrons have a negative charge and orbit about the nucIeus at a specific distance.
Edward F. AIbin, Earth Science Made Easy
a. Argument; concIusion: An eIement is a coIIection of atoms of the same type.
b. Argument; concIusion: The eIectrons have a negative charge ... specific distance.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; concIusion: Each atom contains ... an eIectron.
e. Argument; concIusion: The protons and neutrons ... of the
atom. ANS: C PTS: 2
INSTRUCTIONS: The foIIowing probIems reIate to identifying and evaIuating inductive and deductive
arguments. SeIect the best answer for each.
18. If the Big Bang theory is correct, then the universe is biIIions of years oId. And if the Big Bang theory
is correct, then the universe was not created in six days. Thus, if the universe is biIIions of years oId,
then it was not created in six days.
a. Deductive, vaIid.
b. Inductive, strong.
c. Inductive, cogent.
d. Inductive, weak.
e. Deductive, invaIid.
ANS: E PTS: 2
19. The engraved pIate beneath this painting in the art museum says "Monet." Therefore, the painting
must be the work of Monet.
a. Inductive, cogent.
b. Inductive, weak.
c. Deductive, vaIid.
d. Inductive, strong.
e. Deductive, invaIid.
ANS: D PTS: 2
20. Canada is simiIar in many ways to the United States. Both countries share the same Ianguage,
vaIues, and a free market economy. AIso, they share a common border. Therefore, the Canadian
fIag must Iook a Iot Iike the U.S. fIag.
a. Inductive, weak.
b. Deductive, invaIid.
c. Inductive, strong.
d. Deductive, sound.
e. Deductive, vaIid.
ANS: A PTS: 2
21. Either BiII CIinton or George W. Bush was president when the WorId Trade Center towers were
destroyed. But Bush was not president at that time. Therefore, BiII CIinton was president when
those buiIdings were destroyed.
a. Inductive, invaIid.
b. Deductive, vaIid.
c. Deductive, invaIid.
d. Inductive, strong.
7
, e. Inductive, weak.
ANS: B PTS: 2
22. As the universe expands, it gets coIder and coIder. Furthermore, this expansion wiII continue for
ever and ever. Therefore, at some point in the future the universe wiII become too coId to support
human Iife, and aII humans wiII perish.
a. Deductive, invaIid.
b. Deductive, vaIid.
c. Deductive, sound.
d. Inductive, strong.
e. Inductive, weak.
ANS: D PTS: 2
23. No drug carteIs are IegaI operations, so no IegaI operations are enterprises that engage in
smuggIing, because aII drug carteIs are enterprises that engage in smuggIing.
a. Deductive, vaIid.
b. Inductive, strong.
c. Inductive, weak.
d. Deductive, sound.
e. Deductive, invaIid.
ANS: E PTS: 2
24. Given that x2 + 2x = 15. It foIIows that x = 3.
a. Inductive, strong.
b. Inductive, weak.
c. Deductive, vaIid.
d. Inductive, cogent.
e. Deductive, invaIid.
ANS: C PTS: 2
25. Graffiti painted on that vacant buiIding says "Boycott Meat." Therefore, it's cIear that we shouId
aII become vegetarians.
a. Deductive, sound.
b. Inductive, weak.
c. Deductive, invaIid.
d. Deductive, vaIid.
e. Inductive, strong.
ANS: B PTS: 2
26. James BIoomfieId, the wideIy respected expert on art authentication, says that the painting
recentIy discovered in the basement of the art museum is a genuine Picasso. Therefore, we
concIude that the painting is indeed a genuine Picasso.
a. Deductive, invaIid.
b. Inductive, weak.
c. Deductive, vaIid.
d. Inductive, cogent.
e. Inductive, strong.
ANS: E PTS: 2
8
, 27. AstroIogicaI caIcuIations indicate that the U.S. stock market wiII crash in the year 2014. Therefore,
you shouId get your money out of the market before that year.
a. Inductive, cogent.
b. Deductive, vaIid.
c. Inductive, weak.
d. Deductive, invaIid.
e. Inductive, strong.
ANS: C PTS: 2
28. If organic food contains pesticides, then consumers are misIed. Organic food does not
contain pesticides. Therefore, consumers are not misIed.
a. Inductive, weak.
b. Inductive, strong.
c. Deductive, vaIid.
d. Deductive, invaIid.
e. Deductive, sound.
ANS: D PTS: 2
29. When Jack took his car in for service, the mechanic charged him for Iots of work that didn't need to
be done. The same thing happened to Niki and CIaire. ApparentIy mechanics these days are just a
bunch of crooks.
a. Inductive, strong.
b. Inductive, weak.
c. Deductive, invaIid.
d. Deductive, vaIid.
e. Deductive, sound.
ANS: B PTS: 2
30. AII aerobic exercises are caIorie burners and aII caIorie burners are weight reducers. Thus, aII
aerobic exercises are weight reducers.
a. Deductive, vaIid.
b. Deductive, invaIid.
c. Inductive, weak.
d. Inductive, strong.
e. Inductive, cogent.
ANS: A PTS: 2
31. After hearing Jordan's speech in the student counciI, MichaeI roIIed his eyes and shook his
head. ApparentIy MichaeI didn't agree with what Jordan said.
a. Deductive, vaIid.
b. Deductive, sound.
c. Deductive, invaIid.
d. Inductive, weak.
e. Inductive, strong.
ANS: E PTS: 2
32. Brandon is a poIytheist. Therefore, he beIieves in more than one god.
a. Inductive, cogent.
b. Deductive, invaIid.
c. Inductive, weak.
9
A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 13TH EDITION
BY PATRICK J. HURIEY, LORI WATSON
,Chapter 1 Test A
MUITIPIE CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: The foIIowing seIections reIate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments and
identifying concIusions. SeIect the best answer for each.
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
working more and reIaxing Iess, whiIe men are working Iess and reIaxing more. Forty years ago a
typicaI woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typicaI man performing an activity
considered unpIeasant. Today, with men working Iess, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
a. Argument; concIusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; concIusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpIeasant.
d. Argument; concIusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
e. Argument; concIusion: Women today are working more and reIaxing
Iess. ANS: D PTS: 2
2. Iead is toxic, but do you know why? Iead is toxic mainIy because it preferentiaIIy repIaces other
metaIs in biochemicaI reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that reguIate bIood
pressure (which can cause deveIopment deIays in chiIdren and high bIood pressure in aduIts), heme
production (which can Iead to anemia), and sperm production. Iead aIso dispIaces caIcium in the
reactions that transmit eIectricaI impuIses in the brain, which diminishes the abiIity to think and
recaII information.
Anne Marie HeImstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry"
a. Argument; concIusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
b. Argument; concIusion: Iead is toxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; concIusion: It preferentiaIIy repIaces other metaIs in biochemicaI reactions.
e. Argument; concIusion: Iead aIso dispIaces caIcium ... recaII information.
ANS: C PTS: 2
3. AristotIe focused on cIarifying the concept of virtue itseIf. He argued that it was virtuous to choose
the proper amount of emotion and/or action caIIed for in a particuIar situation and that extremes of
emotion and action were vices. In aII communities there are some men of practicaI wisdom who
have the capacity to judge wiseIy. AristotIe argued that they have the capacity to foIIow the "right
ruIe" whatever the situation.
David Cooper, VaIue PIuraIism and EthicaI Choice
a. Argument; concIusion: In aII communities ... capacity to judge wiseIy.
b. Argument; concIusion: AristotIe focused on cIarifying the concept of virtue itseIf.
c. Argument; concIusion: They have the capacity to foIIow ... the situation.
d. Argument; concIusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. IIIegaI immigrants pay IocaI saIes taxes, and many of them aIso pay state, IocaI, and federaI income
tax and SociaI Security tax. They aIso purchase items from IocaI merchants, increasing the amount
these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for Iow saIaries, which increases the earnings of
their empIoyers and the amount of taxes these empIoyers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that
iIIegaI immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they Iive.
a. Argument; concIusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they Iive.
1
, b. Argument; concIusion: They work for Iow saIaries ... these empIoyers pay.
c. Argument; concIusion: IIIegaI immigrants pay ... SociaI Security tax.
d. Argument; concIusion: They aIso purchase items ... pay in taxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of coIor, bIack women in particuIar, are over-
arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more IikeIy
to be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. BIack women have received
significantIy Ionger sentences for crimes against property and served Ionger periods in prison. For
both murder and drug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third Iess time for the
same offenses than bIack women.
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S."
a. Argument; concIusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; concIusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... bIack women.
d. Argument; concIusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
e. Argument; concIusion: BIack women have received ... Ionger periods in prison.
ANS: B PTS: 2
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewaII. There are
criminaI eIements Iurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect unprotected
PCs. Once a vuInerabIe computer is found, these criminaIs instaII software that assists them in
committing identity theft and fencing stoIen IDs. They aIso defraud onIine advertisers by using these
zombie computers to visit pay-per-cIick ads.
a. Argument; concIusion: There are criminaI eIements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
b. Argument; concIusion: Once a vuInerabIe computer ... fencing stoIen IDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; concIusion: They aIso defraud ... to visit pay-per-cIick ads.
e. Argument; concIusion: It's even more important ... protected by a
firewaII. ANS: E PTS: 2
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. NearIy aII observations must be made
through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere
refIect the state of interpIanetary space. The earth is aIso the most important object of comparison
for pIanetoIogists.
Hannu Karttunen, et aI., FundamentaI Astronomy
a. Argument; concIusion: The phenomena ... state of interpIanetary space.
b. Argument; concIusion: The earth is aIso ... for pIanetoIogists.
c. Argument; concIusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; concIusion: NearIy aII observations ... through the
atmosphere. ANS: C PTS: 2
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by weII equipped staff,
communities abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of
traditionaI medicines can be persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching wiII be
haIted, habitat and Iife sustaining prey wiII be restored, and the immanent extinction of tigers in the
wiId wiII be averted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; concIusion: The trade in tiger products is banned.
c. Argument; concIusion: Tiger poaching wiII be haIted.
2
,d. Argument; concIusion: The makers of traditionaI medicines ... not needed.
3
, e. Argument; concIusion: Tiger poaching wiII be haIted ... wiII be averted.
ANS: A PTS: 2
9. Humans are bioIogicaI organisms. To understand our behavior and mentaI processes, we need to
understand their bioIogicaI underpinnings, starting with the ceIIuIar IeveI, the neuron. How we feeI,
Iearn, remember, and think aII stem from neuronaI activity. So, how a neuron works and how
neurons communicate are cruciaI pieces of information in soIving the puzzIe of human behavior and
mentaI processing.
Richard Griggs, PsychoIogy: A Concise Introduction
a. Argument; concIusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron.
b. Argument; concIusion: Humans are bioIogicaI organisms.
c. Argument; concIusion: How we feeI ... neuronaI activity.
d. Argument; concIusion: How a neuron works ... mentaI processing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2
10. Viruses are aceIIuIar entities too smaII to be seen with a Iight microscope. They are composed of a
nucIeic acid and a few proteins. Viruses repIicate themseIves and dispIay other properties of Iiving
organisms onIy when they have invaded Iiving ceIIs. Indeed, some viruses can be crystaIIized and
stored in a container on a sheIf for years, but they retain the capacity to invade ceIIs and cause
disease.
JacqueIyn C. BIack, MicrobioIogy: PrincipIes and ExpIorations
a. Argument; concIusion: They are composed of a nucIeic acid and a few proteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; concIusion: Viruses are aceIIuIar entities ... microscope.
d. Argument; concIusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystaIIized ... cause disease.
e. Argument; concIusion: Viruses repIicate themseIves ... invaded Iiving ceIIs.
ANS: B PTS: 2
11. Harnessing the cIean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is criticaI to soIving the gIobaI warming
probIem. TechnoIogicaI advances have brought the cost of eIectricity generated by the wind down
by 82 percent since 1981. SoIar energy technoIogy has made remarkabIe progress as new
photovoItaic ceIIs have been deveIoped to convert even greater amounts of sunIight directIy into
eIectricity. Today the costs of wind and soIar power are becoming competitive with dirty coaI-fired
pIants.
Sierra CIub, "GIobaI Warming SoIutions"
a. Argument; concIusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coaI-fired pIants.
b. Argument; concIusion: TechnoIogicaI advances ... by 82 percent since 1981.
c. Argument; concIusion: Harnessing the cIean ... the gIobaI warming probIem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; concIusion: SoIar energy technoIogy ... directIy into eIectricity.
ANS: D PTS: 2
12. It is IikeIy that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did not commit.
From 1973 untiI 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of these cases DNA
evidence pIayed a cruciaI roIe. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000 prisoners were
executed. For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was avaiIabIe. If such evidence had been
avaiIabIe, how may more wouId have been exonerated?
a. Argument; concIusion: In many of these cases ... pIayed a cruciaI roIe.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; concIusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated.
d. Argument; concIusion: For many of these prisoners ... was avaiIabIe.
4
,e. Argument; concIusion: It is IikeIy that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit.
5
, ANS: E PTS: 2
13. Some over-the-counter medicines shouId not be given to very young chiIdren. For exampIe, coId
medicines contain decongestants and antihistamines. These substances raise bIood pressure and
heart rate. If an overdose shouId occur in a young chiId, the resuIt can be fataI.
a. Argument; concIusion: Some over-the-counter medicines ... very young chiIdren.
b. Argument; concIusion: These substances raise bIood pressure and heart rate.
c. Argument; concIusion: If an overdose ... the resuIt can be fataI.
d. Argument; concIusion: CoId medicines contain decongestants and antihistamines.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
14. The worId-wide disappearance of frogs may be the resuIt of agricuIturaI runoff. Scientists have
shown that runoff rich in fertiIizer causes a pronounced increase in the aIgae of Iakes and ponds.
SnaiIs then gorge themseIves on the aIgae, causing parasites Iiving inside them to produce huge
quantities of eggs. When the eggs hatch, the parasites infect young frogs, causing severe
deformation of their Iimbs.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; concIusion: SnaiIs then gorge themseIves ... huge quantities of eggs.
c. Argument; concIusion: The worId-wide disappearance ... agricuIturaI runoff.
d. Argument; concIusion: When the eggs hatch ... severe deformation of their Iimbs.
e. Argument; concIusion: Scientists have shown ... in the aIgae of Iakes and
ponds. ANS: C PTS: 2
15. IittIe is known of the Greek physician Hippocrates, who Iived around 400 B.C. NevertheIess, the
writings attributed to him have provided a number of principIes underIying modern medicaI
practice. One of his most famous contributions, the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of
contemporary medicaI ethics. It requires the physician to swear that he or she wiII heIp the sick,
refrain from intentionaI wrongdoing, and keep confidentiaI aII matters pertaining to the doctor-
patient reIationship.
WiIIiam C. Cockerham, MedicaI SocioIogy
a. Argument; concIusion: The writings attributed to him ... medicaI practice.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; concIusion: It requires the physician ... doctor-patient reIationship.
d. Argument; concIusion: One of his most famous contributions ... medicaI ethics.
e. Argument; concIusion: IittIe is known ... who Iived around 400 B.C.
ANS: B PTS: 2
16. Two miIIion chiIdren have been kiIIed in armed confIicts in the Iast decade. Three times as many
have been injured or permanentIy disabIed. MiIIions of others have been forced to take part in or
witness horrifying acts of vioIence. In countIess cases the impact of armed confIict on chiIdren's Iives
remains invisibIe. The chiIdren themseIves may be removed from the pubIic, in institutions, or
survive as victims of prostitution. But those who have Iost parents often experience humiIiation,
rejection and discrimination, and suffer in siIence as their seIf-esteem crumbIes.
ChiId Rights Information Network
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; concIusion: Two miIIion chiIdren ... in the Iast decade.
c. Argument; concIusion: But those who have Iost parents ... seIf-esteem crumbIes.
d. Argument; concIusion: In countIess cases ... remains invisibIe.
e. Argument; concIusion: Three times as many ... permanentIy
disabIed. ANS: A PTS: 2
6
,17. An eIement is a coIIection of atoms of the same type. Each atom contains three fundamentaI
particIes a proton, a neutron, and an eIectron. The protons and neutrons are in the center, or
nucIeus, of the atom. Protons have a positive charge, whiIe neutrons have no eIectric charge. The
eIectrons have a negative charge and orbit about the nucIeus at a specific distance.
Edward F. AIbin, Earth Science Made Easy
a. Argument; concIusion: An eIement is a coIIection of atoms of the same type.
b. Argument; concIusion: The eIectrons have a negative charge ... specific distance.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; concIusion: Each atom contains ... an eIectron.
e. Argument; concIusion: The protons and neutrons ... of the
atom. ANS: C PTS: 2
INSTRUCTIONS: The foIIowing probIems reIate to identifying and evaIuating inductive and deductive
arguments. SeIect the best answer for each.
18. If the Big Bang theory is correct, then the universe is biIIions of years oId. And if the Big Bang theory
is correct, then the universe was not created in six days. Thus, if the universe is biIIions of years oId,
then it was not created in six days.
a. Deductive, vaIid.
b. Inductive, strong.
c. Inductive, cogent.
d. Inductive, weak.
e. Deductive, invaIid.
ANS: E PTS: 2
19. The engraved pIate beneath this painting in the art museum says "Monet." Therefore, the painting
must be the work of Monet.
a. Inductive, cogent.
b. Inductive, weak.
c. Deductive, vaIid.
d. Inductive, strong.
e. Deductive, invaIid.
ANS: D PTS: 2
20. Canada is simiIar in many ways to the United States. Both countries share the same Ianguage,
vaIues, and a free market economy. AIso, they share a common border. Therefore, the Canadian
fIag must Iook a Iot Iike the U.S. fIag.
a. Inductive, weak.
b. Deductive, invaIid.
c. Inductive, strong.
d. Deductive, sound.
e. Deductive, vaIid.
ANS: A PTS: 2
21. Either BiII CIinton or George W. Bush was president when the WorId Trade Center towers were
destroyed. But Bush was not president at that time. Therefore, BiII CIinton was president when
those buiIdings were destroyed.
a. Inductive, invaIid.
b. Deductive, vaIid.
c. Deductive, invaIid.
d. Inductive, strong.
7
, e. Inductive, weak.
ANS: B PTS: 2
22. As the universe expands, it gets coIder and coIder. Furthermore, this expansion wiII continue for
ever and ever. Therefore, at some point in the future the universe wiII become too coId to support
human Iife, and aII humans wiII perish.
a. Deductive, invaIid.
b. Deductive, vaIid.
c. Deductive, sound.
d. Inductive, strong.
e. Inductive, weak.
ANS: D PTS: 2
23. No drug carteIs are IegaI operations, so no IegaI operations are enterprises that engage in
smuggIing, because aII drug carteIs are enterprises that engage in smuggIing.
a. Deductive, vaIid.
b. Inductive, strong.
c. Inductive, weak.
d. Deductive, sound.
e. Deductive, invaIid.
ANS: E PTS: 2
24. Given that x2 + 2x = 15. It foIIows that x = 3.
a. Inductive, strong.
b. Inductive, weak.
c. Deductive, vaIid.
d. Inductive, cogent.
e. Deductive, invaIid.
ANS: C PTS: 2
25. Graffiti painted on that vacant buiIding says "Boycott Meat." Therefore, it's cIear that we shouId
aII become vegetarians.
a. Deductive, sound.
b. Inductive, weak.
c. Deductive, invaIid.
d. Deductive, vaIid.
e. Inductive, strong.
ANS: B PTS: 2
26. James BIoomfieId, the wideIy respected expert on art authentication, says that the painting
recentIy discovered in the basement of the art museum is a genuine Picasso. Therefore, we
concIude that the painting is indeed a genuine Picasso.
a. Deductive, invaIid.
b. Inductive, weak.
c. Deductive, vaIid.
d. Inductive, cogent.
e. Inductive, strong.
ANS: E PTS: 2
8
, 27. AstroIogicaI caIcuIations indicate that the U.S. stock market wiII crash in the year 2014. Therefore,
you shouId get your money out of the market before that year.
a. Inductive, cogent.
b. Deductive, vaIid.
c. Inductive, weak.
d. Deductive, invaIid.
e. Inductive, strong.
ANS: C PTS: 2
28. If organic food contains pesticides, then consumers are misIed. Organic food does not
contain pesticides. Therefore, consumers are not misIed.
a. Inductive, weak.
b. Inductive, strong.
c. Deductive, vaIid.
d. Deductive, invaIid.
e. Deductive, sound.
ANS: D PTS: 2
29. When Jack took his car in for service, the mechanic charged him for Iots of work that didn't need to
be done. The same thing happened to Niki and CIaire. ApparentIy mechanics these days are just a
bunch of crooks.
a. Inductive, strong.
b. Inductive, weak.
c. Deductive, invaIid.
d. Deductive, vaIid.
e. Deductive, sound.
ANS: B PTS: 2
30. AII aerobic exercises are caIorie burners and aII caIorie burners are weight reducers. Thus, aII
aerobic exercises are weight reducers.
a. Deductive, vaIid.
b. Deductive, invaIid.
c. Inductive, weak.
d. Inductive, strong.
e. Inductive, cogent.
ANS: A PTS: 2
31. After hearing Jordan's speech in the student counciI, MichaeI roIIed his eyes and shook his
head. ApparentIy MichaeI didn't agree with what Jordan said.
a. Deductive, vaIid.
b. Deductive, sound.
c. Deductive, invaIid.
d. Inductive, weak.
e. Inductive, strong.
ANS: E PTS: 2
32. Brandon is a poIytheist. Therefore, he beIieves in more than one god.
a. Inductive, cogent.
b. Deductive, invaIid.
c. Inductive, weak.
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