ESB TEST 1 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% PASS
Heuristics - ✔✔involving/serving as an aid to learning, discovery, or problems solving
by experimental and especially trial and error methods. usually (but not always) a good
way to make decisions about the world
Availability Heuristic - ✔✔A mental shortcut for judging the likelihood of an event
occurring based on how easily we can think of similar or relevant instances
Representativeness heuristic - ✔✔A mental shortcut for deciding the likelihood of an
event based on how much it resembles what we consider to be a "typical" example of
that event
Better than average effect - ✔✔The tendency to overestimate your skills, abilities, and
performance in comparison to those of others. Not mathematically possible
Overconfidence Phenomenon - ✔✔Tendency to be overly confident in the correctness of
our own judgements
Hindsight Bias - ✔✔The sense that we 'knew it all along' after we learn of an actual
outcome
Confirmation Bias - ✔✔May result when we only look for evidence that confirms what
we already believe, thereby strengthening the original belief
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY KATELYN WHITMAN, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
, Introspection - ✔✔Reflecting on our own thoughts and experiences to find relevant
evidence
What You See is All There is Phenomenon - ✔✔A failure to see the limitations of our
immediate experience, making it difficult to predict alternative outcomes; the inability
to predict alternative outcomes based on what we are seeing
Problem of Belief Perseverance - ✔✔Continuing to believe what you want to despite all
contrary evidence, unwillingness to accept any new conclusions
Anecdotal Evidence - ✔✔Derived from personal experience (yours or someone else's)
Scientific Evidence - ✔✔Derived from the use of the scientific method
Law of Small Numbers - ✔✔Extreme outcomes are more likely when considering only a
small number of cases
Outliers - ✔✔Case that is distinct from the majority of other cases; an oddball, often we
too quickly generalize these unusual cases to the world at large
Scientific Method - ✔✔Gives us guidelines for more objective assessments, looks at the
big picture rather than anecdotal evidence, removes any emotional
connections/stereotypes when performed correctly
Characteristics of a Good Scientist - ✔✔Skepticism, open mindedness, objectivity,
empiricism, creativity, communication
Basic Research - ✔✔Dedicated to expanding existing knowledge on a topic
Applied Research - ✔✔Dedicated to solving a problem and helping people by
improving their quality of life
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY KATELYN WHITMAN, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
ANSWERS 100% PASS
Heuristics - ✔✔involving/serving as an aid to learning, discovery, or problems solving
by experimental and especially trial and error methods. usually (but not always) a good
way to make decisions about the world
Availability Heuristic - ✔✔A mental shortcut for judging the likelihood of an event
occurring based on how easily we can think of similar or relevant instances
Representativeness heuristic - ✔✔A mental shortcut for deciding the likelihood of an
event based on how much it resembles what we consider to be a "typical" example of
that event
Better than average effect - ✔✔The tendency to overestimate your skills, abilities, and
performance in comparison to those of others. Not mathematically possible
Overconfidence Phenomenon - ✔✔Tendency to be overly confident in the correctness of
our own judgements
Hindsight Bias - ✔✔The sense that we 'knew it all along' after we learn of an actual
outcome
Confirmation Bias - ✔✔May result when we only look for evidence that confirms what
we already believe, thereby strengthening the original belief
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY KATELYN WHITMAN, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
, Introspection - ✔✔Reflecting on our own thoughts and experiences to find relevant
evidence
What You See is All There is Phenomenon - ✔✔A failure to see the limitations of our
immediate experience, making it difficult to predict alternative outcomes; the inability
to predict alternative outcomes based on what we are seeing
Problem of Belief Perseverance - ✔✔Continuing to believe what you want to despite all
contrary evidence, unwillingness to accept any new conclusions
Anecdotal Evidence - ✔✔Derived from personal experience (yours or someone else's)
Scientific Evidence - ✔✔Derived from the use of the scientific method
Law of Small Numbers - ✔✔Extreme outcomes are more likely when considering only a
small number of cases
Outliers - ✔✔Case that is distinct from the majority of other cases; an oddball, often we
too quickly generalize these unusual cases to the world at large
Scientific Method - ✔✔Gives us guidelines for more objective assessments, looks at the
big picture rather than anecdotal evidence, removes any emotional
connections/stereotypes when performed correctly
Characteristics of a Good Scientist - ✔✔Skepticism, open mindedness, objectivity,
empiricism, creativity, communication
Basic Research - ✔✔Dedicated to expanding existing knowledge on a topic
Applied Research - ✔✔Dedicated to solving a problem and helping people by
improving their quality of life
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY KATELYN WHITMAN, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
