Advanced Pathophysiology FINAL EXAM 2024
The NP notes that a patient's FEV1/FVC ratio is severely reduced. Which of the
following conditions is most likely the patient's pulmonary issue? - CORRECT
ANSWER chronic asthma
The NP reviews the results of a patient's pulmonary function tests and notes that the
FEV1, FVC, and total lung capacity (TLC) are reduced. The FEV1/FVC ratio is normal.
Based on interpretation, this reflects: - CORRECT ANSWER restrictive lung
disease
Simple spirometry can be used to measure any of the following EXCEPT: - CORRECT
ANSWER residual volume
Which of the following spirometry results indicate restrictive lung disease? - CORRECT
ANSWER FEV1, FVC, and total lung capacity reduced; FEV1/FVC ratio normal.
Which of the following would indicate obstructive lung disease? - CORRECT
ANSWER chronic asthma
Chronic bronchitis will decrease which of the following parameters? - CORRECT
ANSWER decreased forced expiratory flow (FEV1)
The NP notes that a patient's FEV1/FVC ratio is normal. Which of the following
conditions is most likely the patient's pulmonary issue? - CORRECT ANSWER
pulmonary fibrosis
Simple spirometry includes a measure of residual capacity. - CORRECT ANSWER
false
the number one cause of chronic bronchitis is - CORRECT ANSWER cigarette
smoking
which of the following is considered a late effects of emphysema - CORRECT
ANSWER hypoxemia and hypercapnia
The effects of an Alpha-antitrypsin 1 deficiency is: - CORRECT ANSWER Inability
to block the effects of proteolysis.
,Which of the following pulmonary function test results are expected in a patient with
chronic bronchitis? - CORRECT ANSWER Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio.
A patient with chronic bronchitis is most likely to experience: - CORRECT ANSWER
Respiratory acidosis due to inability to exhale CO2.
A patient with chronic bronchitis is at risk for developing pneumonia due to: -
CORRECT ANSWER Mucus plugs.
The NP is examining a patient with a longstanding history of chronic bronchitis. Cor
pulmonale is expected in the patient that presents with: - CORRECT ANSWER
Hepatomegaly.
An expected chest x-ray finding for a patient with COPD is a - CORRECT ANSWER
flattened diaphragm
Hyperresonance found on lung percussion with a patient with COPD is primarily due to -
CORRECT ANSWER air trapping
A lung volume measurement that indicates air trapping in a COPD patient is: -
CORRECT ANSWER Increase residual volume.
Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by - CORRECT ANSWER intermittent
reversible airflow obstruction
Extrinsic asthma is - CORRECT ANSWER triggered by an allergic reaction
Symptoms common to both intrinsic and extrinsic asthma include: - CORRECT
ANSWER wheezing
In normal gas exchange, which of the following is correct? - CORRECT ANSWER
After air is breathed in, it diffuses into the pulmonary veins.
Asthma results in: - CORRECT ANSWER Decreased alveolar ventilation.
intrinsic asthma means that it is triggered by something - CORRECT ANSWER
internal like anxiety
extrinsic asthma means that it is triggered by something - CORRECT ANSWER
outside in the environment like air dust/mites/pet dander
COPD is unresponsive to - CORRECT ANSWER broncodilators
,COPD is staged according to the - CORRECT ANSWER GOLD guidelines
Asthma results in: - CORRECT ANSWER decreased alveolar ventilation
Which of the following pulmonary function test results are consistent with asthma? -
CORRECT ANSWER Decreased total lung capacity and residual volume
Extrinsic asthma is: - CORRECT ANSWER Triggered by an allergic reaction.
Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by: - CORRECT ANSWER Intermittent,
reversible airflow obstruction.
Symptoms common to both intrinsic and extrinsic asthma include: - CORRECT
ANSWER wheezing
Interstitial lung disease refers to any disease affecting the pulmonary interstitium and
typically excludes infectious and neoplastic diseases - CORRECT ANSWER true
GOLD 1 is - CORRECT ANSWER mild FEV1 > or equal to 80% predicted
GOLD 2 is - CORRECT ANSWER moderate 50% < or equal to FEV1 <80%
predicted
in emphysema where is the damage occurring? - CORRECT ANSWER in the
alveoli
Absolute polycythemia - CORRECT ANSWER excessive red blood cell production;
a physiologic response resulting from increased erythropoietin secretion in response to
chronic hypoxia or as a symptom of polycythemia vera.
Absorption atelectasis - CORRECT ANSWER see Atelectasis.
Acid maltase deficiency (glycogen storage disease type II or Pompe disease) -
CORRECT ANSWER an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that damages
muscle and nerve cells throughout the body by an accumulation of glycogen in the
lysosome attributable to deficiency of the lysosomal acid a-glucosidase enzyme. The
buildup of glycogen causes progressive muscle weakness (myopathy) throughout the
body and affects various body tissues, particularly in the heart, skeletal muscles, liver,
and nervous system.
Acne - CORRECT ANSWER a common skin disease characterized by pimples on
the face, chest, and back. It occurs when the pores of the skin become clogged with oil,
dead skin cells, and bacteria.
, Acne conglobata - CORRECT ANSWER severe cystic acne characterized by cystic
lesions, abscesses, communicating sinuses, and thickened, nodular scars; usually does
not affect the face.
Acne rosacea - CORRECT ANSWER a chronic form of dermatitis of the face in
which the middle portion of the face appears red with small red lines caused by dilation
of capillaries.
Acne vulgaris - CORRECT ANSWER an inflammatory eruption of the sebaceous
follicles usually occurring on the face, upper back, and chest that consists of
blackheads, cysts, papules, and pustules.
Noninflammatory acne - CORRECT ANSWER open comedones caused by the
enlargement and dilation of a plug resulting from the accumulation of oil and dead skin
cells inside the hair follicle and by closed comedones that form if the hair follicle pore
remains closed; they appear as a tiny, sometimes pink bump in the skin.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - CORRECT ANSWER see Immune
deficiency.
Acquired sideroblastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER see Anemia.
ACTH deficiency - CORRECT ANSWER a condition characterized by decreased or
absent production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland,
resulting in a reduction in the secretion of adrenal hormones and subsequent weight
loss, lack of appetite, weakness, nausea, vomiting, and low blood pressure.
Actinic keratosis - CORRECT ANSWER a condition in which a premalignant small,
reddish, rough spot appears on skin chronically exposed to the sun.
Acute chest syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER a syndrome occurring in association
with sickle cell disease defined by a new infiltrate on chest radiograph; associated with
one or more new symptoms: fever, cough, sputum production, dyspnea, or hypoxia. It
occurs most commonly in the 2- to 4-year-old age group and declines in incidence with
age.
Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie syndrome) - CORRECT ANSWER a
massive dilation of the large bowel that occurs in critically ill patients and immobilized
older adults. It is characterized by significant dilation of the cecum and absence of
mechanical obstruction, and is related to excessive sympathetic motor input or
decreased parasympathetic motor input.
The NP notes that a patient's FEV1/FVC ratio is severely reduced. Which of the
following conditions is most likely the patient's pulmonary issue? - CORRECT
ANSWER chronic asthma
The NP reviews the results of a patient's pulmonary function tests and notes that the
FEV1, FVC, and total lung capacity (TLC) are reduced. The FEV1/FVC ratio is normal.
Based on interpretation, this reflects: - CORRECT ANSWER restrictive lung
disease
Simple spirometry can be used to measure any of the following EXCEPT: - CORRECT
ANSWER residual volume
Which of the following spirometry results indicate restrictive lung disease? - CORRECT
ANSWER FEV1, FVC, and total lung capacity reduced; FEV1/FVC ratio normal.
Which of the following would indicate obstructive lung disease? - CORRECT
ANSWER chronic asthma
Chronic bronchitis will decrease which of the following parameters? - CORRECT
ANSWER decreased forced expiratory flow (FEV1)
The NP notes that a patient's FEV1/FVC ratio is normal. Which of the following
conditions is most likely the patient's pulmonary issue? - CORRECT ANSWER
pulmonary fibrosis
Simple spirometry includes a measure of residual capacity. - CORRECT ANSWER
false
the number one cause of chronic bronchitis is - CORRECT ANSWER cigarette
smoking
which of the following is considered a late effects of emphysema - CORRECT
ANSWER hypoxemia and hypercapnia
The effects of an Alpha-antitrypsin 1 deficiency is: - CORRECT ANSWER Inability
to block the effects of proteolysis.
,Which of the following pulmonary function test results are expected in a patient with
chronic bronchitis? - CORRECT ANSWER Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio.
A patient with chronic bronchitis is most likely to experience: - CORRECT ANSWER
Respiratory acidosis due to inability to exhale CO2.
A patient with chronic bronchitis is at risk for developing pneumonia due to: -
CORRECT ANSWER Mucus plugs.
The NP is examining a patient with a longstanding history of chronic bronchitis. Cor
pulmonale is expected in the patient that presents with: - CORRECT ANSWER
Hepatomegaly.
An expected chest x-ray finding for a patient with COPD is a - CORRECT ANSWER
flattened diaphragm
Hyperresonance found on lung percussion with a patient with COPD is primarily due to -
CORRECT ANSWER air trapping
A lung volume measurement that indicates air trapping in a COPD patient is: -
CORRECT ANSWER Increase residual volume.
Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by - CORRECT ANSWER intermittent
reversible airflow obstruction
Extrinsic asthma is - CORRECT ANSWER triggered by an allergic reaction
Symptoms common to both intrinsic and extrinsic asthma include: - CORRECT
ANSWER wheezing
In normal gas exchange, which of the following is correct? - CORRECT ANSWER
After air is breathed in, it diffuses into the pulmonary veins.
Asthma results in: - CORRECT ANSWER Decreased alveolar ventilation.
intrinsic asthma means that it is triggered by something - CORRECT ANSWER
internal like anxiety
extrinsic asthma means that it is triggered by something - CORRECT ANSWER
outside in the environment like air dust/mites/pet dander
COPD is unresponsive to - CORRECT ANSWER broncodilators
,COPD is staged according to the - CORRECT ANSWER GOLD guidelines
Asthma results in: - CORRECT ANSWER decreased alveolar ventilation
Which of the following pulmonary function test results are consistent with asthma? -
CORRECT ANSWER Decreased total lung capacity and residual volume
Extrinsic asthma is: - CORRECT ANSWER Triggered by an allergic reaction.
Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by: - CORRECT ANSWER Intermittent,
reversible airflow obstruction.
Symptoms common to both intrinsic and extrinsic asthma include: - CORRECT
ANSWER wheezing
Interstitial lung disease refers to any disease affecting the pulmonary interstitium and
typically excludes infectious and neoplastic diseases - CORRECT ANSWER true
GOLD 1 is - CORRECT ANSWER mild FEV1 > or equal to 80% predicted
GOLD 2 is - CORRECT ANSWER moderate 50% < or equal to FEV1 <80%
predicted
in emphysema where is the damage occurring? - CORRECT ANSWER in the
alveoli
Absolute polycythemia - CORRECT ANSWER excessive red blood cell production;
a physiologic response resulting from increased erythropoietin secretion in response to
chronic hypoxia or as a symptom of polycythemia vera.
Absorption atelectasis - CORRECT ANSWER see Atelectasis.
Acid maltase deficiency (glycogen storage disease type II or Pompe disease) -
CORRECT ANSWER an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that damages
muscle and nerve cells throughout the body by an accumulation of glycogen in the
lysosome attributable to deficiency of the lysosomal acid a-glucosidase enzyme. The
buildup of glycogen causes progressive muscle weakness (myopathy) throughout the
body and affects various body tissues, particularly in the heart, skeletal muscles, liver,
and nervous system.
Acne - CORRECT ANSWER a common skin disease characterized by pimples on
the face, chest, and back. It occurs when the pores of the skin become clogged with oil,
dead skin cells, and bacteria.
, Acne conglobata - CORRECT ANSWER severe cystic acne characterized by cystic
lesions, abscesses, communicating sinuses, and thickened, nodular scars; usually does
not affect the face.
Acne rosacea - CORRECT ANSWER a chronic form of dermatitis of the face in
which the middle portion of the face appears red with small red lines caused by dilation
of capillaries.
Acne vulgaris - CORRECT ANSWER an inflammatory eruption of the sebaceous
follicles usually occurring on the face, upper back, and chest that consists of
blackheads, cysts, papules, and pustules.
Noninflammatory acne - CORRECT ANSWER open comedones caused by the
enlargement and dilation of a plug resulting from the accumulation of oil and dead skin
cells inside the hair follicle and by closed comedones that form if the hair follicle pore
remains closed; they appear as a tiny, sometimes pink bump in the skin.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - CORRECT ANSWER see Immune
deficiency.
Acquired sideroblastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER see Anemia.
ACTH deficiency - CORRECT ANSWER a condition characterized by decreased or
absent production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland,
resulting in a reduction in the secretion of adrenal hormones and subsequent weight
loss, lack of appetite, weakness, nausea, vomiting, and low blood pressure.
Actinic keratosis - CORRECT ANSWER a condition in which a premalignant small,
reddish, rough spot appears on skin chronically exposed to the sun.
Acute chest syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER a syndrome occurring in association
with sickle cell disease defined by a new infiltrate on chest radiograph; associated with
one or more new symptoms: fever, cough, sputum production, dyspnea, or hypoxia. It
occurs most commonly in the 2- to 4-year-old age group and declines in incidence with
age.
Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie syndrome) - CORRECT ANSWER a
massive dilation of the large bowel that occurs in critically ill patients and immobilized
older adults. It is characterized by significant dilation of the cecum and absence of
mechanical obstruction, and is related to excessive sympathetic motor input or
decreased parasympathetic motor input.
