1. Case Study: A 30-year-old male presents with back pain and a
limited range of motion. His blood tests show high ESR
(erythrocyte sedimentation rate).
Question: What condition is most likely causing his symptoms?
A. Osteoarthritis
B. Ankylosing spondylitis
C. Rheumatoid arthritis
D. Lumbar strain
Answer: B. Ankylosing spondylitis
Rationale: Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis that
primarily affects the spine, causing back pain and stiffness. It is
associated with a high ESR.
2. Case Study: A 60-year-old female with a history of heart disease
presents with swelling in the lower legs and difficulty breathing
when lying flat.
Question: Which condition is most likely causing these
symptoms?
A. Congestive heart failure
B. Asthma
C. Deep vein thrombosis
D. Pulmonary embolism
Answer: A. Congestive heart failure
Rationale: Congestive heart failure (CHF) often presents with
edema in the lower extremities and orthopnea (difficulty
breathing when lying flat), due to fluid retention from the heart's
inability to pump effectively.
3. Case Study: A 30-year-old male presents with acute severe
abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. He has a history of alcohol
abuse.
,Question: Which organ is most likely involved in this patient’s
symptoms?
A. Liver
B. Pancreas
C. Gallbladder
D. Spleen
Answer: B. Pancreas
Rationale: Acute pancreatitis, which can be caused by alcohol
abuse, often presents with severe abdominal pain, nausea, and
vomiting.
4. Case Study: A 60-year-old female presents with unintentional
weight loss, persistent cough, and hemoptysis. She is a smoker.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Chronic bronchitis
B. Tuberculosis
C. Lung cancer
D. Pneumonia
Answer: C. Lung cancer
Rationale: Smoking is a major risk factor for lung cancer, which
can present with a persistent cough, weight loss, and hemoptysis
(coughing up blood).
5. Case Study: A 22-year-old female presents with fatigue, pallor,
and shortness of breath. She has a history of heavy menstrual
periods.
Question: What is the most likely cause of her symptoms?
A. Anemia due to iron deficiency
B. Hypothyroidism
C. Vitamin B12 deficiency
D. Hemophilia
Answer: A. Anemia due to iron deficiency
Rationale: Iron deficiency anemia is common in women with heavy
, menstrual bleeding and presents with symptoms like fatigue,
pallor, and shortness of breath.
6. Case Study: A 40-year-old female complains of burning
sensations in her feet and hands, and she has a history of diabetes
mellitus.
Question: Which complication of diabetes is most likely
contributing to this patient’s symptoms?
A. Diabetic neuropathy
B. Diabetic nephropathy
C. Diabetic retinopathy
D. Diabetic ketoacidosis
Answer: A. Diabetic neuropathy
Rationale: Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of long-
standing diabetes, leading to symptoms like burning sensations in
the extremities.
7. Case Study: A 40-year-old male presents with increasing
fatigue, jaundice, and dark urine. His history includes heavy
alcohol consumption.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Hepatitis
B. Cirrhosis
C. Pancreatitis
D. Cholecystitis
Answer: B. Cirrhosis
Rationale: Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring of the liver caused
by chronic liver diseases, including alcoholism. Symptoms include
jaundice, dark urine, and fatigue.
8. Case Study: A 40-year-old male presents with a history of
morning headaches, excessive thirst, and polyuria. His lab results
show elevated cortisol levels.
limited range of motion. His blood tests show high ESR
(erythrocyte sedimentation rate).
Question: What condition is most likely causing his symptoms?
A. Osteoarthritis
B. Ankylosing spondylitis
C. Rheumatoid arthritis
D. Lumbar strain
Answer: B. Ankylosing spondylitis
Rationale: Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis that
primarily affects the spine, causing back pain and stiffness. It is
associated with a high ESR.
2. Case Study: A 60-year-old female with a history of heart disease
presents with swelling in the lower legs and difficulty breathing
when lying flat.
Question: Which condition is most likely causing these
symptoms?
A. Congestive heart failure
B. Asthma
C. Deep vein thrombosis
D. Pulmonary embolism
Answer: A. Congestive heart failure
Rationale: Congestive heart failure (CHF) often presents with
edema in the lower extremities and orthopnea (difficulty
breathing when lying flat), due to fluid retention from the heart's
inability to pump effectively.
3. Case Study: A 30-year-old male presents with acute severe
abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. He has a history of alcohol
abuse.
,Question: Which organ is most likely involved in this patient’s
symptoms?
A. Liver
B. Pancreas
C. Gallbladder
D. Spleen
Answer: B. Pancreas
Rationale: Acute pancreatitis, which can be caused by alcohol
abuse, often presents with severe abdominal pain, nausea, and
vomiting.
4. Case Study: A 60-year-old female presents with unintentional
weight loss, persistent cough, and hemoptysis. She is a smoker.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Chronic bronchitis
B. Tuberculosis
C. Lung cancer
D. Pneumonia
Answer: C. Lung cancer
Rationale: Smoking is a major risk factor for lung cancer, which
can present with a persistent cough, weight loss, and hemoptysis
(coughing up blood).
5. Case Study: A 22-year-old female presents with fatigue, pallor,
and shortness of breath. She has a history of heavy menstrual
periods.
Question: What is the most likely cause of her symptoms?
A. Anemia due to iron deficiency
B. Hypothyroidism
C. Vitamin B12 deficiency
D. Hemophilia
Answer: A. Anemia due to iron deficiency
Rationale: Iron deficiency anemia is common in women with heavy
, menstrual bleeding and presents with symptoms like fatigue,
pallor, and shortness of breath.
6. Case Study: A 40-year-old female complains of burning
sensations in her feet and hands, and she has a history of diabetes
mellitus.
Question: Which complication of diabetes is most likely
contributing to this patient’s symptoms?
A. Diabetic neuropathy
B. Diabetic nephropathy
C. Diabetic retinopathy
D. Diabetic ketoacidosis
Answer: A. Diabetic neuropathy
Rationale: Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of long-
standing diabetes, leading to symptoms like burning sensations in
the extremities.
7. Case Study: A 40-year-old male presents with increasing
fatigue, jaundice, and dark urine. His history includes heavy
alcohol consumption.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Hepatitis
B. Cirrhosis
C. Pancreatitis
D. Cholecystitis
Answer: B. Cirrhosis
Rationale: Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring of the liver caused
by chronic liver diseases, including alcoholism. Symptoms include
jaundice, dark urine, and fatigue.
8. Case Study: A 40-year-old male presents with a history of
morning headaches, excessive thirst, and polyuria. His lab results
show elevated cortisol levels.
