• Proctored Anatomy & Physiology Exam Guide – Newly Updated

1. Case Study: A 45-year-old male presents with severe, sudden
abdominal pain that radiates to the back, nausea, and vomiting.
His serum amylase and lipase are elevated.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Acute pancreatitis
B. Gallbladder disease
C. Peptic ulcer disease
D. Appendicitis
Answer: A. Acute pancreatitis
Rationale: Acute pancreatitis typically presents with severe
abdominal pain that radiates to the back, along with elevated
amylase and lipase levels.

2. Case Study: A 55-year-old male with a history of smoking
presents with shortness of breath and chronic cough that has
persisted for years. His oxygen saturation is low.
Question: Which condition is most likely causing these
symptoms?
A. Asthma
B. Emphysema
C. Chronic bronchitis
D. Pneumonia
Answer: B. Emphysema
Rationale: Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), often caused by smoking, and it presents with
chronic cough and shortness of breath.

3. Case Study: A 45-year-old male presents with abdominal pain,
bloating, and diarrhea. He has a family history of colon cancer.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

,B. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
C. Colon cancer
D. Lactose intolerance
Answer: B. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Rationale: Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn’s disease
and ulcerative colitis, presents with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and
bloating, and it has a strong genetic component.

4. Case Study: A 60-year-old male presents with sudden, severe
chest pain that radiates to the left arm and jaw, sweating, and
shortness of breath.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Myocardial infarction
B. Angina pectoris
C. Aortic dissection
D. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Answer: A. Myocardial infarction
Rationale: The patient’s symptoms are classic for a myocardial
infarction (heart attack), including chest pain radiating to the left
arm and jaw, sweating, and shortness of breath.

5. Case Study: A 45-year-old female presents with hair loss, weight
gain, and cold intolerance. Her laboratory tests show low TSH,
low T3, and low T4 levels.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Hypothyroidism
B. Hyperthyroidism
C. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
D. Cushing's syndrome
Answer: C. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Rationale: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder that
causes hypothyroidism. The low TSH, T3, and T4 levels, along
with the clinical presentation, are consistent with this diagnosis.

, 6. Case Study: A 25-year-old male presents with persistent
headaches, visual disturbances, and an enlarged sella turcica on
imaging.
Question: What condition is most likely responsible for these
findings?
A. Brain tumor
B. Pituitary adenoma
C. Migraine
D. Sinusitis
Answer: B. Pituitary adenoma
Rationale: A pituitary adenoma can cause headaches, visual
disturbances (due to pressure on the optic chiasm), and
enlargement of the sella turcica, where the pituitary gland resides.

7. Case Study: A 50-year-old female presents with a history of
joint pain, morning stiffness, and swollen joints. Blood tests show
positive rheumatoid factor.
Question: What is the most likely cause of this patient's joint
symptoms?
A. Osteoarthritis
B. Rheumatoid Arthritis
C. Gout
D. Lupus
Answer: B. Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rationale: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that
causes joint inflammation and is commonly associated with a
positive rheumatoid factor.

8. Case Study: A 45-year-old female presents with skin lesions,
fatigue, and joint pain. She also has a butterfly-shaped rash across
her cheeks.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?