• Updated Anatomy & Physiology Proctored Exam Review Manual

1. Case Study: A 45-year-old female presents with excessive thirst,
dry mouth, and frequent urination. Her blood glucose is elevated.
Question: What condition is most likely responsible for these
symptoms?
A. Type 1 diabetes
B. Type 2 diabetes
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Cushing's syndrome
Answer: B. Type 2 diabetes
Rationale: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance,
leading to symptoms like excessive thirst, frequent urination, and
elevated blood glucose levels.

2. Case Study: A 40-year-old female presents with bilateral leg
swelling and fatigue. She has a history of recent cancer treatment.
Question: What is the most likely cause of her symptoms?
A. Lymphedema
B. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
C. Heart failure
D. Nephrotic syndrome
Answer: A. Lymphedema
Rationale: Lymphedema is a common consequence of cancer
treatments, especially if lymph nodes were removed or radiation
was used, causing fluid accumulation in the tissues.

3. Case Study: A 60-year-old male presents with sudden, severe
chest pain that radiates to the left arm and jaw, sweating, and
shortness of breath.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Myocardial infarction
B. Angina pectoris

,C. Aortic dissection
D. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Answer: A. Myocardial infarction
Rationale: The patient’s symptoms are classic for a myocardial
infarction (heart attack), including chest pain radiating to the left
arm and jaw, sweating, and shortness of breath.

4. Case Study: A 50-year-old male with a history of heart disease
presents with swelling in his legs and abdomen.
Question: Which condition is most likely causing these
symptoms?
A. Cirrhosis
B. Heart failure
C. Nephrotic syndrome
D. Deep vein thrombosis
Answer: B. Heart failure
Rationale: Heart failure can cause fluid retention, leading to
peripheral edema (swelling of the legs) and ascites (swelling in the
abdomen).

5. Case Study: A 25-year-old female presents with fatigue, cold
intolerance, and weight gain. Laboratory tests show elevated TSH
levels and low T3 and T4 levels.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis for this patient?
A. Hyperthyroidism
B. Hypothyroidism
C. Diabetes Mellitus
D. Addison's Disease
Answer: B. Hypothyroidism
Rationale: The patient’s symptoms and lab results suggest
hypothyroidism, characterized by low thyroid hormone levels (T3
and T4) and elevated TSH as the body attempts to compensate.

, 6. Case Study: A 30-year-old male complains of increased thirst,
frequent urination, and fatigue. Laboratory tests reveal high blood
glucose levels.
Question: Which organ is most responsible for regulating the
patient’s blood glucose levels?
A. Liver
B. Pancreas
C. Kidneys
D. Heart
Answer: B. Pancreas
Rationale: The pancreas produces insulin, which is responsible for
regulating blood glucose levels. In this patient, a lack of insulin or
insulin resistance could explain the symptoms of high blood
glucose.

7. Case Study: A 28-year-old female presents with anxiety,
irritability, and excessive sweating. She has recently gained
weight despite dieting.
Question: What condition is most likely contributing to her
symptoms?
A. Hyperthyroidism
B. Hypothyroidism
C. Cushing’s syndrome
D. Pheochromocytoma
Answer: B. Hypothyroidism
Rationale: Hypothyroidism can cause symptoms like weight gain,
anxiety, and irritability due to a deficiency in thyroid hormones.

8. Case Study: A 45-year-old male presents with severe, sudden
abdominal pain that radiates to the back, nausea, and vomiting.
His serum amylase and lipase are elevated.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Acute pancreatitis