• Newest Edition: Anatomy & Physiology Proctored Exam Study Guide

1. Case Study: A 30-year-old female presents with joint pain,
fatigue, and a red rash on her cheeks and nose.
Question: What condition is most likely causing her symptoms?
A. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
B. Rheumatoid arthritis
C. Psoriatic arthritis
D. Gout
Answer: A. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Rationale: SLE is an autoimmune disorder that often presents with
a characteristic butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose,
along with joint pain and fatigue.

2. Case Study: A 60-year-old female presents with unintentional
weight loss, persistent cough, and hemoptysis. She is a smoker.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Chronic bronchitis
B. Tuberculosis
C. Lung cancer
D. Pneumonia
Answer: C. Lung cancer
Rationale: Smoking is a major risk factor for lung cancer, which
can present with a persistent cough, weight loss, and hemoptysis
(coughing up blood).

3. Case Study: A 45-year-old female presents with excessive thirst,
dry mouth, and frequent urination. Her blood glucose is elevated.
Question: What condition is most likely responsible for these
symptoms?
A. Type 1 diabetes
B. Type 2 diabetes
C. Hyperthyroidism

,D. Cushing's syndrome
Answer: B. Type 2 diabetes
Rationale: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance,
leading to symptoms like excessive thirst, frequent urination, and
elevated blood glucose levels.

4. Case Study: A 40-year-old female presents with bilateral leg
swelling and fatigue. She has a history of recent cancer treatment.
Question: What is the most likely cause of her symptoms?
A. Lymphedema
B. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
C. Heart failure
D. Nephrotic syndrome
Answer: A. Lymphedema
Rationale: Lymphedema is a common consequence of cancer
treatments, especially if lymph nodes were removed or radiation
was used, causing fluid accumulation in the tissues.

5. Case Study: A 30-year-old male presents with back pain and a
limited range of motion. His blood tests show high ESR
(erythrocyte sedimentation rate).
Question: What condition is most likely causing his symptoms?
A. Osteoarthritis
B. Ankylosing spondylitis
C. Rheumatoid arthritis
D. Lumbar strain
Answer: B. Ankylosing spondylitis
Rationale: Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis that
primarily affects the spine, causing back pain and stiffness. It is
associated with a high ESR.

6. Case Study: A 55-year-old male with a history of smoking
presents with shortness of breath and chronic cough that has

, persisted for years. His oxygen saturation is low.
Question: Which condition is most likely causing these
symptoms?
A. Asthma
B. Emphysema
C. Chronic bronchitis
D. Pneumonia
Answer: B. Emphysema
Rationale: Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), often caused by smoking, and it presents with
chronic cough and shortness of breath.

7. Case Study: A 28-year-old male presents with sudden severe
headache, nausea, and vomiting. His blood pressure is elevated,
and there is neck stiffness.
Question: What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
A. Migraine
B. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
C. Tension headache
D. Meningitis
Answer: B. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Rationale: A subarachnoid hemorrhage presents with sudden
severe headache, nausea, vomiting, and neck stiffness due to
bleeding in the space around the brain.

8. Case Study: A 60-year-old male with a history of hypertension
presents with sudden loss of vision in one eye.
Question: What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?
A. Retinal detachment
B. Cataract
C. Glaucoma
D. Macular degeneration
Answer: A. Retinal detachment