1. Case Study: A 50-year-old male with a history of heart disease
presents with swelling in his legs and abdomen.
Question: Which condition is most likely causing these
symptoms?
A. Cirrhosis
B. Heart failure
C. Nephrotic syndrome
D. Deep vein thrombosis
Answer: B. Heart failure
Rationale: Heart failure can cause fluid retention, leading to
peripheral edema (swelling of the legs) and ascites (swelling in the
abdomen).
2. Case Study: A 50-year-old male complains of frequent urination,
nocturia, and difficulty starting urination. Digital rectal
examination reveals an enlarged prostate.
Question: What is the most likely cause of this patient’s
symptoms?
A. Prostate cancer
B. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
C. Urinary tract infection
D. Bladder cancer
Answer: B. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Rationale: Benign prostatic hyperplasia is common in older males
and causes urinary symptoms due to the enlarged prostate
obstructing the urethra.
3. Case Study: A 70-year-old male presents with a sudden onset of
severe chest pain radiating to the left arm and jaw. He is sweaty
and anxious.
Question: What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
,A. Aortic aneurysm
B. Myocardial infarction
C. Pulmonary embolism
D. Gastritis
Answer: B. Myocardial infarction
Rationale: The symptoms of chest pain radiating to the left arm
and jaw, along with sweating and anxiety, are classic signs of a
myocardial infarction (heart attack).
4. Case Study: A 22-year-old female presents with frequent
urination, especially at night, and a sense of urgency to urinate.
She also reports pain during urination.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Urinary tract infection (UTI)
B. Bladder cancer
C. Interstitial cystitis
D. Diabetes mellitus
Answer: A. Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Rationale: The symptoms of frequent urination, urgency, and
dysuria (painful urination) are typical of a urinary tract infection.
5. Case Study: A 32-year-old female presents with irregular
menstrual cycles, hirsutism, and acne.
Question: What condition is most likely causing her symptoms?
A. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
B. Hyperthyroidism
C. Addison's disease
D. Cushing's syndrome
Answer: A. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Rationale: PCOS is a common endocrine disorder that leads to
irregular menstrual cycles, excess hair growth (hirsutism), and
acne due to elevated androgen levels.
, 6. Case Study: A 70-year-old female with osteoporosis presents
with a hip fracture after a fall.
Question: What is the most likely cause of her fracture?
A. Trauma
B. Osteomalacia
C. Osteoporosis
D. Paget’s disease
Answer: C. Osteoporosis
Rationale: Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by decreased
bone density, leading to increased fracture risk from minimal
trauma, such as a fall.
7. Case Study: A 40-year-old male presents with increasing
fatigue, jaundice, and dark urine. His history includes heavy
alcohol consumption.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Hepatitis
B. Cirrhosis
C. Pancreatitis
D. Cholecystitis
Answer: B. Cirrhosis
Rationale: Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring of the liver caused
by chronic liver diseases, including alcoholism. Symptoms include
jaundice, dark urine, and fatigue.
8. Case Study: A 60-year-old male presents with a history of
chronic leg swelling and varicose veins. He also reports discomfort
in the affected area.
Question: What condition is most likely causing these symptoms?
A. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
B. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
C. Chronic venous insufficiency
D. Cellulitis
presents with swelling in his legs and abdomen.
Question: Which condition is most likely causing these
symptoms?
A. Cirrhosis
B. Heart failure
C. Nephrotic syndrome
D. Deep vein thrombosis
Answer: B. Heart failure
Rationale: Heart failure can cause fluid retention, leading to
peripheral edema (swelling of the legs) and ascites (swelling in the
abdomen).
2. Case Study: A 50-year-old male complains of frequent urination,
nocturia, and difficulty starting urination. Digital rectal
examination reveals an enlarged prostate.
Question: What is the most likely cause of this patient’s
symptoms?
A. Prostate cancer
B. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
C. Urinary tract infection
D. Bladder cancer
Answer: B. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Rationale: Benign prostatic hyperplasia is common in older males
and causes urinary symptoms due to the enlarged prostate
obstructing the urethra.
3. Case Study: A 70-year-old male presents with a sudden onset of
severe chest pain radiating to the left arm and jaw. He is sweaty
and anxious.
Question: What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
,A. Aortic aneurysm
B. Myocardial infarction
C. Pulmonary embolism
D. Gastritis
Answer: B. Myocardial infarction
Rationale: The symptoms of chest pain radiating to the left arm
and jaw, along with sweating and anxiety, are classic signs of a
myocardial infarction (heart attack).
4. Case Study: A 22-year-old female presents with frequent
urination, especially at night, and a sense of urgency to urinate.
She also reports pain during urination.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Urinary tract infection (UTI)
B. Bladder cancer
C. Interstitial cystitis
D. Diabetes mellitus
Answer: A. Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Rationale: The symptoms of frequent urination, urgency, and
dysuria (painful urination) are typical of a urinary tract infection.
5. Case Study: A 32-year-old female presents with irregular
menstrual cycles, hirsutism, and acne.
Question: What condition is most likely causing her symptoms?
A. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
B. Hyperthyroidism
C. Addison's disease
D. Cushing's syndrome
Answer: A. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Rationale: PCOS is a common endocrine disorder that leads to
irregular menstrual cycles, excess hair growth (hirsutism), and
acne due to elevated androgen levels.
, 6. Case Study: A 70-year-old female with osteoporosis presents
with a hip fracture after a fall.
Question: What is the most likely cause of her fracture?
A. Trauma
B. Osteomalacia
C. Osteoporosis
D. Paget’s disease
Answer: C. Osteoporosis
Rationale: Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by decreased
bone density, leading to increased fracture risk from minimal
trauma, such as a fall.
7. Case Study: A 40-year-old male presents with increasing
fatigue, jaundice, and dark urine. His history includes heavy
alcohol consumption.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Hepatitis
B. Cirrhosis
C. Pancreatitis
D. Cholecystitis
Answer: B. Cirrhosis
Rationale: Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring of the liver caused
by chronic liver diseases, including alcoholism. Symptoms include
jaundice, dark urine, and fatigue.
8. Case Study: A 60-year-old male presents with a history of
chronic leg swelling and varicose veins. He also reports discomfort
in the affected area.
Question: What condition is most likely causing these symptoms?
A. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
B. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
C. Chronic venous insufficiency
D. Cellulitis
