• Most Recent Anatomy & Physiology Proctored Exam Study Manual

1. Case Study: A 65-year-old female presents with dizziness, a
history of hypertension, and complaints of weakness in her left
arm. Upon assessment, her blood pressure is elevated, and she has
reduced sensation in her left arm.
Question: Which part of the nervous system is most likely affected
in this patient?
A. Spinal cord
B. Cerebellum
C. Cerebrum
D. Brainstem
Answer: C. Cerebrum
Rationale: The patient’s symptoms, including weakness and
sensory changes localized to one side of the body, suggest a
possible cerebrovascular accident (stroke) affecting the cerebrum.

2. Case Study: A 55-year-old male presents with severe, burning
chest pain after eating, particularly when lying down. He has a
history of acid reflux.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Peptic ulcer disease
B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
C. Heartburn
D. Angina pectoris
Answer: B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Rationale: GERD is commonly associated with heartburn and
burning chest pain, especially after eating or when lying down.

3. Case Study: A 60-year-old female presents with severe joint pain
and redness in her big toe.
Question: What is the most likely cause of her symptoms?
A. Rheumatoid arthritis

,B. Osteoarthritis
C. Gout
D. Psoriatic arthritis
Answer: C. Gout
Rationale: Gout is caused by uric acid crystal deposition in joints,
most commonly the big toe, leading to sudden and severe pain,
redness, and swelling.

4. Case Study: A 60-year-old male with a history of hypertension
and diabetes presents with sudden numbness and weakness on one
side of his body.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
B. Stroke
C. Seizure
D. Brain tumor
Answer: B. Stroke
Rationale: The sudden onset of unilateral numbness and weakness
suggests a stroke, especially in a patient with risk factors like
hypertension and diabetes.

5. Case Study: A 70-year-old male presents with a sudden onset of
severe chest pain radiating to the left arm and jaw. He is sweaty
and anxious.
Question: What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
A. Aortic aneurysm
B. Myocardial infarction
C. Pulmonary embolism
D. Gastritis
Answer: B. Myocardial infarction
Rationale: The symptoms of chest pain radiating to the left arm
and jaw, along with sweating and anxiety, are classic signs of a
myocardial infarction (heart attack).

, 6. Case Study: A 45-year-old female presents with skin lesions,
fatigue, and joint pain. She also has a butterfly-shaped rash across
her cheeks.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Psoriasis
B. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
C. Rheumatoid arthritis
D. Eczema
Answer: B. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Rationale: The butterfly-shaped rash, fatigue, and joint pain are
classic signs of systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune
disorder.

7. Case Study: A 28-year-old male presents with sudden severe
headache, nausea, and vomiting. His blood pressure is elevated,
and there is neck stiffness.
Question: What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
A. Migraine
B. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
C. Tension headache
D. Meningitis
Answer: B. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Rationale: A subarachnoid hemorrhage presents with sudden
severe headache, nausea, vomiting, and neck stiffness due to
bleeding in the space around the brain.

8. Case Study: A 70-year-old male presents with difficulty moving
his legs, tremors, and a shuffling gait.
Question: What condition is most likely causing these symptoms?
A. Parkinson’s disease
B. Multiple sclerosis
C. Alzheimer’s disease