• Latest Proctored Exam Anatomy & Physiology Study Resources

1. Case Study: A 35-year-old male with a history of high blood
pressure presents with a swollen, red right leg and pain when
walking.
Question: What condition is most likely causing his symptoms?
A. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
B. Cellulitis
C. Lymphedema
D. Peripheral artery disease
Answer: A. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Rationale: DVT is characterized by swelling, redness, and pain in
the affected leg, often in the calf, due to a blood clot in the deep
veins.

2. Case Study: A 55-year-old male with a history of smoking
presents with shortness of breath and chronic cough that has
persisted for years. His oxygen saturation is low.
Question: Which condition is most likely causing these
symptoms?
A. Asthma
B. Emphysema
C. Chronic bronchitis
D. Pneumonia
Answer: B. Emphysema
Rationale: Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), often caused by smoking, and it presents with
chronic cough and shortness of breath.

3. Case Study: A 35-year-old male presents with a persistent cough
and hemoptysis. He is a smoker.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Chronic bronchitis

,B. Pulmonary tuberculosis
C. Lung cancer
D. Asthma
Answer: C. Lung cancer
Rationale: Smoking is a major risk factor for lung cancer, which
can present with symptoms such as a persistent cough and
hemoptysis (coughing up blood).

4. Case Study: A 30-year-old female presents with muscle
weakness, fatigue, and a rash around her eyes.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Myasthenia gravis
B. Dermatomyositis
C. Lupus erythematosus
D. Multiple sclerosis
Answer: B. Dermatomyositis
Rationale: Dermatomyositis is characterized by muscle weakness
and a characteristic rash, often around the eyes (heliotrope rash).

5. Case Study: A 40-year-old male presents with a history of
morning headaches, excessive thirst, and polyuria. His lab results
show elevated cortisol levels.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Addison’s disease
B. Cushing’s syndrome
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Acromegaly
Answer: B. Cushing’s syndrome
Rationale: Cushing's syndrome, caused by excessive cortisol
production, often presents with symptoms like morning
headaches, excessive thirst, and polyuria.

6. Case Study: A 45-year-old male presents with abdominal pain,

, bloating, and diarrhea. He has a family history of colon cancer.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
B. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
C. Colon cancer
D. Lactose intolerance
Answer: B. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Rationale: Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn’s disease
and ulcerative colitis, presents with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and
bloating, and it has a strong genetic component.

7. Case Study: A 40-year-old male presents with increasing
fatigue, jaundice, and dark urine. His history includes heavy
alcohol consumption.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Hepatitis
B. Cirrhosis
C. Pancreatitis
D. Cholecystitis
Answer: B. Cirrhosis
Rationale: Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring of the liver caused
by chronic liver diseases, including alcoholism. Symptoms include
jaundice, dark urine, and fatigue.

8. Case Study: A 50-year-old male with a history of heart disease
presents with swelling in his legs and abdomen.
Question: Which condition is most likely causing these
symptoms?
A. Cirrhosis
B. Heart failure
C. Nephrotic syndrome
D. Deep vein thrombosis
Answer: B. Heart failure