IHOP Exam 1 Questions and Answers
100% Pass
Characteristics of a System - ✔✔Structures, Processes, Connections, Inputs & Outputs
Objectives of a Healthcare System - ✔✔To Enable all citizens to receive health care
services and to deliver services that are cost-effective and meet established standards of
quality
Structures in a Healthcare System - ✔✔Education/research, suppliers, insurers, health
care administrators, providers (individuals, facilities), payers, government, patients
Insurance - ✔✔Spreading of risk, health insurance in America provides access to care
Processes in Health care & connections - ✔✔Financing -> Insurance -> Payment ->
Delivery
Continuum of care - ✔✔the trend of health care in someone's life, i.e.. preventative care
- specialty care
Harrison JAMA Paper 1974 - ✔✔We must choose one of two goods with the exclusion
of the other. This is an ethical dilemma in health care, trade off of expensive care for
few, or inexpensive care for many.
Unique Aspects of American Health Care System - ✔✔No central agency governs the
system, imperfect market and non-universal access, third party insurers and multiple
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY KATELYN WHITMAN, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,payers, balance of power among many stake holders, practice of defensive medicine,
love of technology
US Government role in health care - ✔✔determine reimbursement rates to providers
who render Medicare or Medicaid, major financer, regulates through licensing
personnel and health care establishments
Americans Coverage Type 2013 - ✔✔14% uninsured, 32% public insurance, 54% private
insurance
Private Coverage Type - ✔✔Employer is 91%, Self 9%
Public Coverage Type - ✔✔6% other, 48% Medicaid, 46% Medicare
Why are people uninsured - ✔✔They cannot afford to pay out of pocket, unemployed,
not required to buy insurance, employers do not offer insurance
Access to care in US is Limited to those - ✔✔have health insurance via employer,
covered by government, can afford own insurance, can pay at time of service. Many
providers do not accept Medicaid, issues with getting care due to transportation etc.
Developed nations - ✔✔ensure care for all citizens
Bismark model - ✔✔Otto von bismark invented it in the 19th century, financed by
sickness funds (non profit), provided by private doctors, can opt out, but funds must
cover everyone, tight government regulations
The Out-Of-Pocket Model - ✔✔The norm in most poor nations
National Health Insurance Model - ✔✔Government Insurance that everyone pays into
like in Canada
Beveridge Model - ✔✔Named after William Beveridge, system provided and financed
by government like in Great Britain
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY KATELYN WHITMAN, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, Health care is shaped by - ✔✔political climate, economic development, technological
progress, social/cultural values, physical environment, population characteristics,
global influences
US Health Care System - ✔✔Got there by accident, multiple payers, trying to fix it for
decades, established interests are really comfortable
Technology - ✔✔Driving force that brought medicine into public domain, influenced by
education, growth of institutions, urban development, creating a professional entity,
making medicine a growth enterprise
Pre-Industrial Era - ✔✔Medical practice in disarray, primitive medical procedures,
missing institutional core, hospitals were not good to go to, substandard medical
education, unstable demand
Post Industrial Era 1900s - ✔✔American physicians resisted national health care
Medicine Transformed in 1900s due to - ✔✔urbanization, science and technology,
industrialization, patient dependency, cohesiveness and organization, licensing,
educational reform
Urbanization - ✔✔more people living in cities, centralized training and practice, women
working outside of home, house calls became office visits
Patients seen per day increase from 1850 - 1940 - ✔✔5- 7, 18-22
Science and Technology - ✔✔ground breaking medical discoveries
Anesthesia - ✔✔1846
Aseptic Technique - ✔✔1847
Sterilization Technique - ✔✔1860
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY KATELYN WHITMAN, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
100% Pass
Characteristics of a System - ✔✔Structures, Processes, Connections, Inputs & Outputs
Objectives of a Healthcare System - ✔✔To Enable all citizens to receive health care
services and to deliver services that are cost-effective and meet established standards of
quality
Structures in a Healthcare System - ✔✔Education/research, suppliers, insurers, health
care administrators, providers (individuals, facilities), payers, government, patients
Insurance - ✔✔Spreading of risk, health insurance in America provides access to care
Processes in Health care & connections - ✔✔Financing -> Insurance -> Payment ->
Delivery
Continuum of care - ✔✔the trend of health care in someone's life, i.e.. preventative care
- specialty care
Harrison JAMA Paper 1974 - ✔✔We must choose one of two goods with the exclusion
of the other. This is an ethical dilemma in health care, trade off of expensive care for
few, or inexpensive care for many.
Unique Aspects of American Health Care System - ✔✔No central agency governs the
system, imperfect market and non-universal access, third party insurers and multiple
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY KATELYN WHITMAN, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,payers, balance of power among many stake holders, practice of defensive medicine,
love of technology
US Government role in health care - ✔✔determine reimbursement rates to providers
who render Medicare or Medicaid, major financer, regulates through licensing
personnel and health care establishments
Americans Coverage Type 2013 - ✔✔14% uninsured, 32% public insurance, 54% private
insurance
Private Coverage Type - ✔✔Employer is 91%, Self 9%
Public Coverage Type - ✔✔6% other, 48% Medicaid, 46% Medicare
Why are people uninsured - ✔✔They cannot afford to pay out of pocket, unemployed,
not required to buy insurance, employers do not offer insurance
Access to care in US is Limited to those - ✔✔have health insurance via employer,
covered by government, can afford own insurance, can pay at time of service. Many
providers do not accept Medicaid, issues with getting care due to transportation etc.
Developed nations - ✔✔ensure care for all citizens
Bismark model - ✔✔Otto von bismark invented it in the 19th century, financed by
sickness funds (non profit), provided by private doctors, can opt out, but funds must
cover everyone, tight government regulations
The Out-Of-Pocket Model - ✔✔The norm in most poor nations
National Health Insurance Model - ✔✔Government Insurance that everyone pays into
like in Canada
Beveridge Model - ✔✔Named after William Beveridge, system provided and financed
by government like in Great Britain
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY KATELYN WHITMAN, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, Health care is shaped by - ✔✔political climate, economic development, technological
progress, social/cultural values, physical environment, population characteristics,
global influences
US Health Care System - ✔✔Got there by accident, multiple payers, trying to fix it for
decades, established interests are really comfortable
Technology - ✔✔Driving force that brought medicine into public domain, influenced by
education, growth of institutions, urban development, creating a professional entity,
making medicine a growth enterprise
Pre-Industrial Era - ✔✔Medical practice in disarray, primitive medical procedures,
missing institutional core, hospitals were not good to go to, substandard medical
education, unstable demand
Post Industrial Era 1900s - ✔✔American physicians resisted national health care
Medicine Transformed in 1900s due to - ✔✔urbanization, science and technology,
industrialization, patient dependency, cohesiveness and organization, licensing,
educational reform
Urbanization - ✔✔more people living in cities, centralized training and practice, women
working outside of home, house calls became office visits
Patients seen per day increase from 1850 - 1940 - ✔✔5- 7, 18-22
Science and Technology - ✔✔ground breaking medical discoveries
Anesthesia - ✔✔1846
Aseptic Technique - ✔✔1847
Sterilization Technique - ✔✔1860
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY KATELYN WHITMAN, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
