A&P II Exam 1 (Endocrine System)
Questions and Answers
humoral stimuli - ANSWER-some endocrine glands secrete their hormones in direct
response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions or nutrients
neural stimuli - ANSWER-nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
hormonal stimuli - ANSWER-many endocrine glands release their hormones in
response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs
capillary blood contains low concentration of Ca2+ which stimulates secretion of PTH
by parathyroid glands - ANSWER-describe the mechanism of humoral stimulus.
the hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to
secrete hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones -
ANSWER-describe the mechanism of hormonal stimulus.
1) hormone moves from blood into interstitial fluid and through the cell membrane
2) hormone binds to a receptor inside the cell
3) activated receptor alters gene expression (i.e. a gene is turned on or off so that
protein production starts or stops) - ANSWER-what are the steps of Direct Gene
Activation?
preganglionic sympathetic fibers stimulate adrenal medulla cells to secrete
catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) - ANSWER-describe the
mechanism of neural stimulus.
1) hormone binds to receptor
2) activates G protein
3) results in cAMP (2nd messenger)
4) activates a kinase that alters proteins in the cell
5) variety of effects - ANSWER-what are the steps of second messengers?
steroid hormones - ANSWER-what hormones use direct gene activation?
amino acid hormones - ANSWER-what hormones use second messengers?
cascade reaction - ANSWER-the idea that one hormone molecule can theoretically
generate millions of final target molecules
-alterations to the plasma membrane (change permeability of cell membrane or
change in resting membrane potential)
-protein synthesis (make enzymes, receptors, antibodies, etc.)
-activation/inactivation of an enzyme (starts or stops a biochemical pathway)
-cellular secretion (stored products are shipped out of cell)
, -cell division (mitosis or meiosis) - ANSWER-what are the effects of hormones on
target cells?
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - ANSWER-inhibits or prevents urine formation
releasing and inhibiting hormones (tropic hormones) - ANSWER-regulate the release
of hormones from other endocrine organs
oxytocin - ANSWER-stimulates uterine contractions and hormonal trigger for milk
ejection
posterior pituitary gland - ANSWER-stores ADH and oxytocin which are made in the
hypothalamus; releases neurohormones and is a hormone storage area
anterior pituitary gland - ANSWER-manufactures and releases a number of
hormones; hormone release is regulated by tropic hormone secretions from the
hypothalamus
portal system - ANSWER-relationship of hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
-human growth hormone (hGH or somatropin)
-thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
-adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
-follicle sitmulating hormone (FSH)
-lutenizing hormone (LH)
-prolactin releasing hormone (PRL) - ANSWER-what hormones are secreted by the
anterior pituitary gland?
thyroid stimulating hormone - ANSWER-stimulates normal development and
secretory activity of the thyroid gland
adrenocorticotropin hormone - ANSWER-stimulates the adrenal cortex to release
corticosteroid hormones, most importantly glucocorticoid that help the body resist
stressors
follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone - ANSWER-stimulates gamete
production
prolactin releasing hormone - ANSWER-stimulates milk production by the breasts
thyroid gland - ANSWER-largest purely endocrine gland in the body; secrete T4, T3
and calcitonin
thyroid hormone - ANSWER-affects virtually every cell in the body; increases basal
metabolic rate and body heat production; plays a role in maintaining blood pressure;
requires iodine in its formation
calcitonin - ANSWER-control is humoral; effect is to lower blood calcium levels
Questions and Answers
humoral stimuli - ANSWER-some endocrine glands secrete their hormones in direct
response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions or nutrients
neural stimuli - ANSWER-nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
hormonal stimuli - ANSWER-many endocrine glands release their hormones in
response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs
capillary blood contains low concentration of Ca2+ which stimulates secretion of PTH
by parathyroid glands - ANSWER-describe the mechanism of humoral stimulus.
the hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to
secrete hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones -
ANSWER-describe the mechanism of hormonal stimulus.
1) hormone moves from blood into interstitial fluid and through the cell membrane
2) hormone binds to a receptor inside the cell
3) activated receptor alters gene expression (i.e. a gene is turned on or off so that
protein production starts or stops) - ANSWER-what are the steps of Direct Gene
Activation?
preganglionic sympathetic fibers stimulate adrenal medulla cells to secrete
catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) - ANSWER-describe the
mechanism of neural stimulus.
1) hormone binds to receptor
2) activates G protein
3) results in cAMP (2nd messenger)
4) activates a kinase that alters proteins in the cell
5) variety of effects - ANSWER-what are the steps of second messengers?
steroid hormones - ANSWER-what hormones use direct gene activation?
amino acid hormones - ANSWER-what hormones use second messengers?
cascade reaction - ANSWER-the idea that one hormone molecule can theoretically
generate millions of final target molecules
-alterations to the plasma membrane (change permeability of cell membrane or
change in resting membrane potential)
-protein synthesis (make enzymes, receptors, antibodies, etc.)
-activation/inactivation of an enzyme (starts or stops a biochemical pathway)
-cellular secretion (stored products are shipped out of cell)
, -cell division (mitosis or meiosis) - ANSWER-what are the effects of hormones on
target cells?
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - ANSWER-inhibits or prevents urine formation
releasing and inhibiting hormones (tropic hormones) - ANSWER-regulate the release
of hormones from other endocrine organs
oxytocin - ANSWER-stimulates uterine contractions and hormonal trigger for milk
ejection
posterior pituitary gland - ANSWER-stores ADH and oxytocin which are made in the
hypothalamus; releases neurohormones and is a hormone storage area
anterior pituitary gland - ANSWER-manufactures and releases a number of
hormones; hormone release is regulated by tropic hormone secretions from the
hypothalamus
portal system - ANSWER-relationship of hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
-human growth hormone (hGH or somatropin)
-thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
-adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
-follicle sitmulating hormone (FSH)
-lutenizing hormone (LH)
-prolactin releasing hormone (PRL) - ANSWER-what hormones are secreted by the
anterior pituitary gland?
thyroid stimulating hormone - ANSWER-stimulates normal development and
secretory activity of the thyroid gland
adrenocorticotropin hormone - ANSWER-stimulates the adrenal cortex to release
corticosteroid hormones, most importantly glucocorticoid that help the body resist
stressors
follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone - ANSWER-stimulates gamete
production
prolactin releasing hormone - ANSWER-stimulates milk production by the breasts
thyroid gland - ANSWER-largest purely endocrine gland in the body; secrete T4, T3
and calcitonin
thyroid hormone - ANSWER-affects virtually every cell in the body; increases basal
metabolic rate and body heat production; plays a role in maintaining blood pressure;
requires iodine in its formation
calcitonin - ANSWER-control is humoral; effect is to lower blood calcium levels
