ANSC 221 ULTIMATE || ALREADY PASSED.
What are the differences between grasses and legumes? advantages and disadvantages of each.
correct answers Grasses:
- mainly a source of Energy
- can grow under a wide range of conditions
- can stand being trampled on more, tolerant of grazing, better root structure
- palatable when immature but not very high in nutritional value
- lose a lot of protein/digestibility as they mature
Legumes:
- Mainly a source of protein
- Legumes have a symbiotic relationship with a bacteria which allows it to utilize N from the air
and turn it into ammonia.
- Legumes also improve soil fertility, are high in Ca, Vitamin A, P and trace minerals.
- High yield of palatable feed/acre possible.
** better source of vitamins, protein and minerals than grasses.
- Often there can be a problem with bloat.
* there is not much difference in energy (TDN), CF, Fat or phosphorus content.
What are the common grass forages? You should be able to name 6 or more. correct answers
Kentucky blue grass
smooth bromegrass
orchardgrass
tall fescue
timothy
Reedcanary grass
perennial rye grass
Indian grass
big bluestem
little blue stem
side-oats gramma
switchgrass
What are the common legume forages?
is should be able to name 6 or more. correct answers Alfala
red clover
alsike clover
white clover
sweet clover
ladino clover
crown vetch
,hairy vetch
birdsfoot trefoil
lespedeza
premier legume correct answers alfalfa
What are the characteristics of pastures, silages, hay? what are the principles regarding how they
are made? correct answers Pastures: fresh forage (grasses and legumes) eaten by grazing;
variable in protein, adds bulk, etc.
Silage: preserved wet due to fermentation; can easily spoil with contact to air
Hay: dried; green and leafy, must be free of mold, palatable
What is the most important factor to making and preserving good silage? correct answers That it
be without air; it must be oxygen-free.
Good packing ensures anaerobic conditions.
What additives might you add to silage and why? correct answers Silage preservatives:
microbes- certain microbes can increase the digestibility of the forage (but only so much)
limestone- acts as a bufffer and prevents pH from dropping
Urea, anhydrous ammonia- increases protein value of silage
What are NDF and ADF and what do they pertain to and indicate? correct answers Acid
detergent fiber (ADF)- Related to digestibility; cellulose and lignin content.
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)- related to intake (cell wall material)
What factors affect the quality of forages? Which of these do we have control of and how?
correct answers factors affecting nutritive value of forages:
1. species of plant
2. stage of growth
(fiber and lignin increase with maturity; harvest early)
3. fertility
4. losses in harvest
(leaf loss is biggest concern. leaves are the nutritious part)
5. losses in storage
6. processing
,(prevent bleaching loss, leaching loss (rain), heat damage and molding) CHOPPING and
GRINDING are 2 methods that may increase feed intake, average daily gain, and gain per feed.
Provide some characteristics of good hay correct answers cut early, green and leafy, soft pliable
stems. free of mold or mustiness, palatable, little foreign matter
What animals have the lowest nutrient requirements, highest nutrient requirements, levels in
between? (Not which species, but when does an animal have high requirements, low
requirements or levels in between)? correct answers Animals in maintenance have the lowest
requirements, young animals levels are high and animals that are in late pregnancy and/or
lactating have the highest requirements
what animals is it best to utilize crop residues as feed with? correct answers only acceptable for
sheep and cattle in early or mid-stages of gestation.
what animals make best use of very high quality alfalfa hay? correct answers young calves and
dairy cows
list some types of crop residue feeds correct answers Corn stalks
Wheat straw
Oat straw
what stage of production utilizes pastures most economically? correct answers good feed for beef
cattle and sheep, may be acceptable for some of the forage portion of a dairy ration (though they
need lots of grain in addition)
may be adequate for young growing calves, and are good for horses.
They do not provide much of the needs for pigs or poultry, and will not provide the energy
needed for milk cows nor heifers or steers for finishing.
NIRS correct answers Near Infrared spectroscopy
Good analysis of forages
Corn correct answers (or wheat, barley, milo)
High energy feed, low is protein
Used to boost energy
Good for dairy cattle, finishing cattle, starting calves
SBM correct answers Cottonseed, peanut, linseed
protein supplement but also high in energy. can be used for any animal to meet protein needs
, high quality forage correct answers for animals that need good quality feeds that are palatable
and high in protein- young calves and dairy cows. Highest quality are legumes.
low quality forages? correct answers mature grass hays, feed to animals with low requirement
(just for maintenance)
corn silage correct answers high in E
low in Protein and Ca and other minerals
feed to ruminants that need high E like dairy cows and beef cows in the winter.
Often need to limit feeds.
pastures correct answers grass, legume, mixed grass and legume. Good feed for beef cattle,
sheep, and horses. Can be used for forage portion of dairy ration can for growing calves. Not
good for pigs or poultry and not high in E enough for milking cows, heifers or steers for
finishing
creep feed correct answers feeding young animals in a way that adults can not get to it
How do you convert dry matter amounts to as-fed amounts? correct answers divide amount of
feed by the % DM to convert to as fed
What guidelines should you follow when feeding horses? correct answers Maintenance and
activity need to be considered. Needs to be tailored to the individual horse, not bred for
uniformity.
*forage is the basis of all diets and are thus of utmost importance
*must maintain 1% of BW as forage (~50% of diet) the rest can be grain.
Low protein requirement, do not provide excess protein
*always need salt, Ca and P ratio should be 1.5-2:1 never less than 1:1
*need vit A and E B vitamins synthesized in cecum
*fat should not be added more than 10-15% by weight of the total deit and extra vit E should be
supplied when feeding fat
* consistency is key to good feeding practices.
What specific differences are there to feeding cats? Why? correct answers They are true
carnivores. They have a limited ability to regulate catabolic enzymes of AA metabolism and
therefore have a higher protein requirement.
They do not synthesize niacin from tryptophan, cannot convert carotene to Vit A so cannot get it
from plants.
What differences are there between large and small breeds of dogs? correct answers Size of food
and amount of food
What are the differences between grasses and legumes? advantages and disadvantages of each.
correct answers Grasses:
- mainly a source of Energy
- can grow under a wide range of conditions
- can stand being trampled on more, tolerant of grazing, better root structure
- palatable when immature but not very high in nutritional value
- lose a lot of protein/digestibility as they mature
Legumes:
- Mainly a source of protein
- Legumes have a symbiotic relationship with a bacteria which allows it to utilize N from the air
and turn it into ammonia.
- Legumes also improve soil fertility, are high in Ca, Vitamin A, P and trace minerals.
- High yield of palatable feed/acre possible.
** better source of vitamins, protein and minerals than grasses.
- Often there can be a problem with bloat.
* there is not much difference in energy (TDN), CF, Fat or phosphorus content.
What are the common grass forages? You should be able to name 6 or more. correct answers
Kentucky blue grass
smooth bromegrass
orchardgrass
tall fescue
timothy
Reedcanary grass
perennial rye grass
Indian grass
big bluestem
little blue stem
side-oats gramma
switchgrass
What are the common legume forages?
is should be able to name 6 or more. correct answers Alfala
red clover
alsike clover
white clover
sweet clover
ladino clover
crown vetch
,hairy vetch
birdsfoot trefoil
lespedeza
premier legume correct answers alfalfa
What are the characteristics of pastures, silages, hay? what are the principles regarding how they
are made? correct answers Pastures: fresh forage (grasses and legumes) eaten by grazing;
variable in protein, adds bulk, etc.
Silage: preserved wet due to fermentation; can easily spoil with contact to air
Hay: dried; green and leafy, must be free of mold, palatable
What is the most important factor to making and preserving good silage? correct answers That it
be without air; it must be oxygen-free.
Good packing ensures anaerobic conditions.
What additives might you add to silage and why? correct answers Silage preservatives:
microbes- certain microbes can increase the digestibility of the forage (but only so much)
limestone- acts as a bufffer and prevents pH from dropping
Urea, anhydrous ammonia- increases protein value of silage
What are NDF and ADF and what do they pertain to and indicate? correct answers Acid
detergent fiber (ADF)- Related to digestibility; cellulose and lignin content.
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)- related to intake (cell wall material)
What factors affect the quality of forages? Which of these do we have control of and how?
correct answers factors affecting nutritive value of forages:
1. species of plant
2. stage of growth
(fiber and lignin increase with maturity; harvest early)
3. fertility
4. losses in harvest
(leaf loss is biggest concern. leaves are the nutritious part)
5. losses in storage
6. processing
,(prevent bleaching loss, leaching loss (rain), heat damage and molding) CHOPPING and
GRINDING are 2 methods that may increase feed intake, average daily gain, and gain per feed.
Provide some characteristics of good hay correct answers cut early, green and leafy, soft pliable
stems. free of mold or mustiness, palatable, little foreign matter
What animals have the lowest nutrient requirements, highest nutrient requirements, levels in
between? (Not which species, but when does an animal have high requirements, low
requirements or levels in between)? correct answers Animals in maintenance have the lowest
requirements, young animals levels are high and animals that are in late pregnancy and/or
lactating have the highest requirements
what animals is it best to utilize crop residues as feed with? correct answers only acceptable for
sheep and cattle in early or mid-stages of gestation.
what animals make best use of very high quality alfalfa hay? correct answers young calves and
dairy cows
list some types of crop residue feeds correct answers Corn stalks
Wheat straw
Oat straw
what stage of production utilizes pastures most economically? correct answers good feed for beef
cattle and sheep, may be acceptable for some of the forage portion of a dairy ration (though they
need lots of grain in addition)
may be adequate for young growing calves, and are good for horses.
They do not provide much of the needs for pigs or poultry, and will not provide the energy
needed for milk cows nor heifers or steers for finishing.
NIRS correct answers Near Infrared spectroscopy
Good analysis of forages
Corn correct answers (or wheat, barley, milo)
High energy feed, low is protein
Used to boost energy
Good for dairy cattle, finishing cattle, starting calves
SBM correct answers Cottonseed, peanut, linseed
protein supplement but also high in energy. can be used for any animal to meet protein needs
, high quality forage correct answers for animals that need good quality feeds that are palatable
and high in protein- young calves and dairy cows. Highest quality are legumes.
low quality forages? correct answers mature grass hays, feed to animals with low requirement
(just for maintenance)
corn silage correct answers high in E
low in Protein and Ca and other minerals
feed to ruminants that need high E like dairy cows and beef cows in the winter.
Often need to limit feeds.
pastures correct answers grass, legume, mixed grass and legume. Good feed for beef cattle,
sheep, and horses. Can be used for forage portion of dairy ration can for growing calves. Not
good for pigs or poultry and not high in E enough for milking cows, heifers or steers for
finishing
creep feed correct answers feeding young animals in a way that adults can not get to it
How do you convert dry matter amounts to as-fed amounts? correct answers divide amount of
feed by the % DM to convert to as fed
What guidelines should you follow when feeding horses? correct answers Maintenance and
activity need to be considered. Needs to be tailored to the individual horse, not bred for
uniformity.
*forage is the basis of all diets and are thus of utmost importance
*must maintain 1% of BW as forage (~50% of diet) the rest can be grain.
Low protein requirement, do not provide excess protein
*always need salt, Ca and P ratio should be 1.5-2:1 never less than 1:1
*need vit A and E B vitamins synthesized in cecum
*fat should not be added more than 10-15% by weight of the total deit and extra vit E should be
supplied when feeding fat
* consistency is key to good feeding practices.
What specific differences are there to feeding cats? Why? correct answers They are true
carnivores. They have a limited ability to regulate catabolic enzymes of AA metabolism and
therefore have a higher protein requirement.
They do not synthesize niacin from tryptophan, cannot convert carotene to Vit A so cannot get it
from plants.
What differences are there between large and small breeds of dogs? correct answers Size of food
and amount of food
