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Transporte a través de membranas biológicas

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Temario de primero de medicina (biología celular y molecular) del tema sobre transporte a través de membranas biológicas

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April 4, 2025
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2024/2025
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Jimena Paredes Garay


Tema 5: transporte a través de
membranas biológicas

1. Transporte a través de la membrana plasmática




Todas las células vivas deben adquirir de su alrededor las materias primas para la biosíntesis
y para la producción de energía y deben liberar a su entorno los productos secundarios del
metabolismo.



A. Transporte solutos pequeño tamaño
● Transporte pasivo: las
moléculas pasan a favor de
gradiente. No requiere aporte
energético
● Transporte activo: cuando
el transporte se realiza en contra
de gradiente. Requiere aporte

, Jimena Paredes Garay

energético. Mediante proteínas de tipo “carrier” especializadas (bombas).




2. Transporte pasivo

A. Difusión simple
● Gases (O2, CO2, N2), moléculas polares sin carga de pequeño tamaño (H2O, urea,
glicerol) y moléculas apolares (ácidos grasos y esteroides).



1. Ósmosis:
Movimiento neto de solvente (agua) a través de una
membrana semipermeable (acuaporinas). Su
expresión defectuosa o ausencia produce un riñón
incapaz de concentrar la orina de forma eficiente. El
cuerpo humano está constituido por un 60% de agua
(dentro y fuera de célula) en la que se encuentra
diluida sodio, potasio, cloro, proteínas…
(osmolaridad). Esta concentración debe mantenerse
en un rango.
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