ABEKA BIOLOGY EXAM SCRIPT 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Phalanges - ✔✔Attached to the metacarpals which form the fingers and thumb (and
toes); three in a finger and two in a thumb
✔✔Legs - ✔✔The body's lower appendages
✔✔Pelvic girdle - ✔✔The pelvis, compsed of two large heavy pelvic bones that attach to
the sacrum of the axial skeleton
✔✔Femur - ✔✔Largest bone in the leg and longest bone in the body; thigh
✔✔Tibia - ✔✔The main weight bearing bone of the lower leg; knee joint to ankle;
shinbone
✔✔Fibula - ✔✔Thinner lower leg bone that doesn't attach to femur
✔✔Patella - ✔✔The kneecap; brace for the tendon that straightens the leg; allows
leverage of tendon
✔✔Tendon - ✔✔A strong "cable" of tough fibers that attaches a muscle to a bone
✔✔Tarsals - ✔✔Seven bones of the ankle; similar to carpals but thicker and stronger to
hold body weight
✔✔Talus - ✔✔Only tarsal that is directly connected to the tibia and fibula
✔✔Calcaneus - ✔✔Largest tarsal which forms the heel
✔✔Metatarsals - ✔✔Five bones which form the framework of the instep and the ball of
the foot and arranged in curved arches to make feet stronger and resilient
✔✔Tarsus - ✔✔The foot is attached to the tibia and fibula by the bones of the ankle, or
✔✔Long bones - ✔✔Longer than they are wide; humerus, ulna, femur, phalanges
✔✔Short bones - ✔✔Roughly cube shaped bones, nearly wide as they are long; tarsals
and carpals
✔✔Flat bones - ✔✔Bones that often have the job of protecting vital organs; ribs, cranial
bones
✔✔Irregular bones - ✔✔Not easily classified into other categories of bones; vertebrae
, ✔✔Diaphysis - ✔✔The bones shaft on a long bone
✔✔Epiphysis - ✔✔Bulged end of a long bone
✔✔Periosteum - ✔✔A protective sheath around the bone that contains blood vessels
that supply the oneness with nutrients
✔✔Compact bone - ✔✔The outer shell of a bone composed of a dense substance that
gives the bone rigidity and strength
✔✔Spongy bone - ✔✔Inside the epiphysis, the dense compact bone is replaced with a
lightweight, porous tissue
✔✔Red marrow - ✔✔Special tissue that manufactures red blood cells and white blood
cells for the body' said circulatory and immune system
✔✔Medullary cavity - ✔✔At the core of a bone's shaft is a hollow, cylindrical cavity, like
a tunnel; houses red marrow in child/infant bones; marrow cavity
✔✔Yellow marrow - ✔✔Stored fat; in adults, rest marrow in medullary cavity is replaced
by a fatty substance
✔✔Hydroxyapatite - ✔✔Microscopic crystals that give the bone its hardness; contains
phosphorus and calcium
✔✔Collagen - ✔✔Running between crystals, are reinforcing fibers of tough resilient
protein
✔✔Osteoclasts - ✔✔Special cells that remove old material should to make room for
New in bones
✔✔Osteoblasts - ✔✔Move into Haversian canals behind the osteoclasts, constructing
been collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals
✔✔Haversian canals - ✔✔Tiny tunnels by osteoclasts
✔✔Vitamin C, A, D; calcium; phosphorus - ✔✔Vitamins needed for bone growth
✔✔Rickets - ✔✔Vitamin D deficiency in children; weak/deformed bones
✔✔Osteomalacia - ✔✔Softening of the bone in adults
✔✔Physical exercise - ✔✔Also affect bone growth and development
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Phalanges - ✔✔Attached to the metacarpals which form the fingers and thumb (and
toes); three in a finger and two in a thumb
✔✔Legs - ✔✔The body's lower appendages
✔✔Pelvic girdle - ✔✔The pelvis, compsed of two large heavy pelvic bones that attach to
the sacrum of the axial skeleton
✔✔Femur - ✔✔Largest bone in the leg and longest bone in the body; thigh
✔✔Tibia - ✔✔The main weight bearing bone of the lower leg; knee joint to ankle;
shinbone
✔✔Fibula - ✔✔Thinner lower leg bone that doesn't attach to femur
✔✔Patella - ✔✔The kneecap; brace for the tendon that straightens the leg; allows
leverage of tendon
✔✔Tendon - ✔✔A strong "cable" of tough fibers that attaches a muscle to a bone
✔✔Tarsals - ✔✔Seven bones of the ankle; similar to carpals but thicker and stronger to
hold body weight
✔✔Talus - ✔✔Only tarsal that is directly connected to the tibia and fibula
✔✔Calcaneus - ✔✔Largest tarsal which forms the heel
✔✔Metatarsals - ✔✔Five bones which form the framework of the instep and the ball of
the foot and arranged in curved arches to make feet stronger and resilient
✔✔Tarsus - ✔✔The foot is attached to the tibia and fibula by the bones of the ankle, or
✔✔Long bones - ✔✔Longer than they are wide; humerus, ulna, femur, phalanges
✔✔Short bones - ✔✔Roughly cube shaped bones, nearly wide as they are long; tarsals
and carpals
✔✔Flat bones - ✔✔Bones that often have the job of protecting vital organs; ribs, cranial
bones
✔✔Irregular bones - ✔✔Not easily classified into other categories of bones; vertebrae
, ✔✔Diaphysis - ✔✔The bones shaft on a long bone
✔✔Epiphysis - ✔✔Bulged end of a long bone
✔✔Periosteum - ✔✔A protective sheath around the bone that contains blood vessels
that supply the oneness with nutrients
✔✔Compact bone - ✔✔The outer shell of a bone composed of a dense substance that
gives the bone rigidity and strength
✔✔Spongy bone - ✔✔Inside the epiphysis, the dense compact bone is replaced with a
lightweight, porous tissue
✔✔Red marrow - ✔✔Special tissue that manufactures red blood cells and white blood
cells for the body' said circulatory and immune system
✔✔Medullary cavity - ✔✔At the core of a bone's shaft is a hollow, cylindrical cavity, like
a tunnel; houses red marrow in child/infant bones; marrow cavity
✔✔Yellow marrow - ✔✔Stored fat; in adults, rest marrow in medullary cavity is replaced
by a fatty substance
✔✔Hydroxyapatite - ✔✔Microscopic crystals that give the bone its hardness; contains
phosphorus and calcium
✔✔Collagen - ✔✔Running between crystals, are reinforcing fibers of tough resilient
protein
✔✔Osteoclasts - ✔✔Special cells that remove old material should to make room for
New in bones
✔✔Osteoblasts - ✔✔Move into Haversian canals behind the osteoclasts, constructing
been collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals
✔✔Haversian canals - ✔✔Tiny tunnels by osteoclasts
✔✔Vitamin C, A, D; calcium; phosphorus - ✔✔Vitamins needed for bone growth
✔✔Rickets - ✔✔Vitamin D deficiency in children; weak/deformed bones
✔✔Osteomalacia - ✔✔Softening of the bone in adults
✔✔Physical exercise - ✔✔Also affect bone growth and development
