Anatomy and Physiology 101 Final Exam Study Guide 320 Questions with Correct and Verified Answers - Latest update

Anatomy and Physiology 101 Final Exam Study Guide 320 Questions with Correct and Verified Answers - Latest update "what are the parts of a long bone? - Correct Answer epiphysis and diaphysis" "What is the epiphysis? - Correct Answer end of a long bone that articulates (forms a joint) with another bone." "What is the diaphysis? - Correct Answer shaft of a long bone" "What is aponeurosis? - Correct Answer broad, fibrous sheet that may attach to bone, skin, or to the connective tissue of adjacent muscles." "what is a muscle fiber? - Correct Answer a single muscle cell" "what are myofibrils? - Correct Answer any of the elongated contractile threads found in striated muscle cells." "What is the medullary cavity? - Correct Answer hollow chamber in diaphysis. marrow fills this cavity" "What is the periosteum? - Correct Answer a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enclosing a bone" "what is compact bone? - Correct Answer wall of the diaphysis mainly composed of tightly packed tissue" "what is spongy bone? - Correct Answer cancellous bone that largely composes the epiphysis" "Describe the process of ossification - Correct Answer step one 1: cordlike and connects muscles to bones; a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles step 2: Long bones develop from rods of cartilage, some from membranes and some from tendons. step 3: Ossification occurs first in the cartilage rods, then in the epiphyses of long bones. step 4: When the epiphysial cartilage has ossified (hardened), bone growth stops." "What is the epiphyseal plate? - Correct Answer as spongy bone is deposited in the diaphysis and in the epiphysis, a band of cartilage will form" "what are osteoclasts? - Correct Answer cells that break down bone" "what are osteoblasts? - Correct Answer bone forming cells" "what are the functions of the skeletal system? - Correct Answer support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation" "What is the axial skeleton? - Correct Answer skull, vertebral column, rib cage" "What is the appendicular skeleton? - Correct Answer pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs" "what are the steps of fracture repair? - Correct Answer 1. Hematoma formation- blood vessels, tissues in broken bone are torn resulting in a Hematoma mass of clotted cells. Bone cells with no nutrition will die and area will become irritated. 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation- phagocytic cells invade the area and begin cleaning up the debris. 3. Bone callus formation- about 1 week into repair, new bone begins to repair. This is called a bony callus. This continues for about 3 months. 4. Bone remodeling- excess material removed, shaft was reconstructed." "how are bones classified? - Correct Answer by shape" "what are the shapes of bones? - Correct Answer long, short, flat, irregular" "example of long bone - Correct Answer femur" "example of short bones are - Correct Answer carpals and tarsals in the ankle and wrist" "examples of flat bones - Correct Answer ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the skull" "examples of irregular bones - Correct Answer facial bones, vertebrae" "What is articular cartilage? - Correct Answer hyaline cartilage covering articular ends of the bones" "What is a joint capsule? - Correct Answer tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and encloses and supports and holds the bones together." "what is a ligament? - Correct Answer Connects bone to bone and reinforce the joint capsule." "What is the synovial membrane? - Correct Answer inner layer of the joint capsule, covers all of the surface within the joint capsule." "What is synovial fluid? - Correct Answer Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the bones at movable joints and contains macrophages the remove microbes and debris from the joint cavity." "what is the menisci? - Correct Answer cushion the articulating surfaces and help distribute body weight onto these surfaces" "what is the bursae? - Correct Answer fluid-filled sac that acts as a ball bearing to reduce friction" "what are the six different types of synovial joints? - Correct Answer 1. Ball-and-socket joints 2. condylar/ellipsodial joint 3. plane/gliding joint 4. hinge joint 5. pivot/trochoid joint 6. saddle/sellar joint" "define flexion - Correct Answer bending a joint" "define extension - Correct Answer Straightening a body part" "define hyper extension - Correct Answer increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between the bones of a joint (a back bend)" "define dorsiflexion - Correct Answer movement at the ankle that moves the anterior portion of the foot closer from the shin (rocking back on your heels)" "define plantar flexion - Correct Answer movement at the ankle that moves the anterior portion of the foot father from the shin (walking on your toes)" "define abduction - Correct Answer moving away from the midline (lifting upper limb horizontally to form an angle with the side of the body)" "define adduction - Correct Answer moving towards the midline (returing upper limb from horizontal position)" "define rotation - Correct Answer moving a part around an axis (twisting head from side to side)" "define circumduction - Correct Answer moving a part so that its ends follows a circular path (arm cirlces, moving finger in circular motion without moving the hand)" "define supination - Correct Answer rotation of forearm so that the palm is upward or facing anteriorly" "define pronation - Correct Answer rotation of the forearm so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly" "define eversion - Correct Answer turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally" "define inversion - Correct Answer turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially" "define protraction - Correct Answer moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground (moving the head forward)" "define retraction - Correct Answer moving a part backward (pulling the head backward)" "define elevation - Correct Answer raising a body part (shrugging the shoulders)" "define depression - Correct Answer lowering a body part (drooping the shoulders)" "what is fascia - Correct Answer layers of dense connective tisues that hold muscles in position." "What is a tendon? - Correct Answer Attaches muscle to bone" "what is actin? - Correct Answer thin filaments" "what is myosin? - Correct Answer thick filaments" "what is the sarcolemma? - Correct Answer muscle cell membrane" "What is a sarcomere? - Correct Answer contractile unit of a muscle fiber & functional unit of muscle cell" "What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? - Correct Answer the endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell. surrounds each myofirbril and runs parallel to it." "What are transverse tubules? - Correct Answer - they play an important role in the transmission of the stimulus of muscle contraction. - contains extracellular fluid." "what is the function of actin? - Correct Answer they are the force generating proteins of the sarcomere, and they work together during the muscle contraction cycle in order to produce movement. the contractile proteins that forms the thick filaments." "What is the neuromuscular junction? - Correct Answer the synapse where a motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber meet" "how does acetylcholine play a role in the neuromuscular junction? - Correct Answer - it is the neurotransmitter that motor neurons use to control skeletal contraction. - it is synthesized in the cytoplasm of the motor neuron and is stored in the synaptic vesicles near the distal end of its axson." "How does muscle contraction occur? - Correct Answer The cross bridges 'grab hold' of the actin filaments and pull them in order to cause contraction - ATP supplies energy for this" "what does aerobic mean/do in regards to muscle contraction? - Correct Answer Aerobic respiration requires the presence of oxygen to break down food energy (usually glucose and fat) to generate ATP for muscle contractions. - Aerobic respiration produces large amounts of ATP and is an efficient means of making ATP. - Up to 38 ATP molecules can be made for every glucose molecule that is broken down" "what does anaerobic mean/do in regards to muscle contraction? - Correct Answer Anaerobic exercise is a type of exercise that breaks down glucose in the body without using oxygen, as anaerobic means "without oxygen". - In practical terms, this means that anaerobic exercise is harder but shorter than aerobic exercise. -HIIT exercise is an example of when this would happen" "What is the origin? - Correct Answer immovable end of a muscle" "What is insertion? - Correct Answer more moveable end of a muscle" "what is a prime mover? - Correct Answer muscle that provides most of a particular body movement (agonist)" "What is a synergist? - Correct Answer Muscles that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation Ex: When making a fist, the synergist muscles prevent the wrist from bending. The muscles stabilize and allow the prime mover to act on the finger joints (muscle that assists the action of angonist)" "What are antagonists? - Correct Answer - muscle that causes opposite movement to an agonist - (book definition) muscle that opposes a particular movement" "What is the central nervous system (CNS)? - Correct Answer Consists of the brain and the spinal cord and is the origin of all complex commands and decisions." "what is the peripheral nervous system? - Correct Answer - the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body" "What is the autonomic nervous system? - Correct Answer - This regulates events that are automatic, or involuntary, such as the activity of the smooth and cardiac muscles and glands. - This is often referred to as the involuntary nervous system." "what is the somatic nervous system? - Correct Answer communicates voluntary (conscious) instruction originating in the CNS to skeletal muscles that cause contraction" "what are the basic parts of a neuron? - Correct Answer cell body, dendrites, axon" "what are the functional classifications of neurons? - Correct Answer sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons" "what are sensory neurons? - Correct Answer neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord" "what are interneurons? - Correct Answer neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs" "what are motor neurons? - Correct Answer conduct impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to effectors (example: glands)" "What are neuroglial cells? - Correct Answer they are support cells that surround neurons and provide nutrients, immune support, and appropriate external environment" "what are the four types of neuroglial cells? - Correct Answer 1. Astrocytes 2. Oligodendrocytes 3. Microglia 4. Ependymal cells" "What is the resting membrane potential? - Correct Answer Difference in electrical charge across the membrane at rest" "what ions are involved during the resting membrane potential? - Correct Answer sodium and potassium" "what is polarization? - Correct Answer - difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell - Book definition: electrical charge difference across a cell membrane surface due to an unequal distribution of positive and negative ions on either side -" "What is repolarization? - Correct Answer - the membrane returns to its resting membrane potential - potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward, repolarizing the membrane" "What is depolarization? - Correct Answer - the inside of the membrane becomes less negative, more positive, than the resting potential. - sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward which depolarizes the membrane" "What is an action potential? - Correct Answer rapid change in membrane potential, first in the positive direction, then the negative, returning to the resting potential." "how does an action potential move along the length of an axon? - Correct Answer - The action potential travels down the axon as the membrane of the axon depolarizes and repolarizes. - Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin along the axons; they contain sodium and potassium ion channels, allowing the action potential to travel quickly down the axon by jumping from one node to the next." "What is saltatory conduction? - Correct Answer saltatory conduction is the "jumping" of an action potential between the unmyelinated nodes of ranvier" "What happens at a synapse? - Correct Answer When a nerve impulse reaches the synapse at the end of a neuron, it cannot pass directly to the next one. Instead, it triggers the neuron to release a chemical neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter drifts across the gap between the two neurons." "What is a neurotransmitter? - Correct Answer a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure." "What is the synaptic cleft? - Correct Answer the space between the synaptic terminal and the motor end plate" "What are meninges? - Correct Answer membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord" "what are the layers of meninges? - Correct Answer dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater" "What are ventricles? - Correct Answer four interconnected cavities that lie in the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem. filled with CSF and are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord." "what is the function of the spinal cord? - Correct Answer •Center for spinal reflexes. •Conduit (pathway) for impulses to and from the brain." "what is a simple reflex? - Correct Answer A simple, automatic response to a stimuli Enables us to respond quickly to stimuli that could harm us (knee-jerk reflex is an example)" "what functional neurons are involved in a simple reflex? - Correct Answer motor and sensory neurons" "What are ascending tracts? - Correct Answer spinal tracts that conduct sensory information to the brain" "what are descending tracts? - Correct Answer spinal tracts that conduct motor commands from the brain via motor neurons and they reach muscles and glands" "What are the lobes of the brain? - Correct Answer frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula" "What are fissures? - Correct Answer deep grooves in the brain" "what are convolutions? - Correct Answer The folds of the cerebrum for more surface area" "what are sulci? - Correct Answer shallow grooves" "what are the basic functions of the cerebrum? - Correct Answer - Major processing center of the brain. - associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving. controls voluntary muscle movements." "Functions of the frontal lobe - Correct Answer voluntary motor functions, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, personality" "functions of temporal lobe - Correct Answer - sensory areas that are responsible for hearing - interpret sensory experiences and remember visual scenes, music, and other complex sensory patterns. - sense of smell" "functions of occipital lobe - Correct Answer visual processing" "functions of parietal lobe - Correct Answer perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature, pain" "functions of the insula lobe - Correct Answer - sensory area for taste - hard to study because of how deep it is within the cerebrum. - fMRI scans suggest that the insula serves as a cross roads for translating sensory information into the appropriate emotional response." "What is the basal ganglia? - Correct Answer a group of structures linked to the thalamus in the base of the brain and involved in coordination of movement." "What is the diencephalon? - Correct Answer - thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus - posterior forebrain - located between the cerebral hemispheres and superior to the brainstem" "what is the hypothalamus? - Correct Answer A built-in thermostat and appetite center and relays messages to the thalamus" "what is the function of the hypothalamus? - Correct Answer - the hypothalamus is responsible for visceral functions such as hunger/body weight, thirst, and sex drive - heart rate & arterial blood pressure - body temp - sleep and wakefulness - production of neurosecretory substances that stimulate pituitary gland to release hormones that help regulate growth, various glands, and influence reproductive physiology - control of movements/glandular secretions for stomach and intestines" "What is the thalamus? - Correct Answer Sensory "relay station." Sensory info. such as visual/auditory information evaluated here" "what is the function of the thalamus? - Correct Answer - sensory relay station. smell is the only sense that bypasses the thalamus - channels sensory impulses to appropriate regions of the cortex for interpretation" "Where is the pituitary gland located? - Correct Answer sella turcica of the sphenoid bone" "Where is the optic nerve located? - Correct Answer - medial to the fovea centralis - diencephalon" "Where is the optic chiasm located? - Correct Answer underneath the hypothalamus" "what are the three parts of the brainstem? - Correct Answer midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata" "what is the function of the midbrain? - Correct Answer contains reflex centers that move the eyes and head" "what is the function of the pons? - Correct Answer helps regulate rate and depth of breathing relays impulses between the medulla oblongata and cerebrum" "what is the function of the medulla oblongata? - Correct Answer conducts ascending and descending impulses between brain and spinal cord - contains cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory control centers and various nonvital reflex control centers" "What is the cerebellum? - Correct Answer - communication with other parts of the CNS by tracts - integrates sensory information concerning position of body parts - coordinates muscle activities and maintains posture" "what is the function of the vagus nerve? - Correct Answer - motor fibers that conduct impulses to muscles of the larynx and pharynx. - associated with speech and swallowing reflexes. - autonomic motor fibers of the vagus nerves supply the heart and many smooth muscles & glands in the viscera of the thorax and abdomen" "sympathetic nervous system - Correct Answer - the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations - fight or flight responses" "parasympathetic nervous system - Correct Answer the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy" "what are the five types of sensory receptors? - Correct Answer mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, electromagetic receptors, and chemoreceptors" "What is sensory adaptation? - Correct Answer ability to ignore unimportant stimuli" "Chemoreceptors - Correct Answer respond to changes in chemical concentrations" "pain receptors - Correct Answer -also called nociceptors - respond to tissue damage" "Thermoreceptors - Correct Answer respond to changes in temperature" "Mechanoreceptors - Correct Answer respond to mechanical forces by detecting changes that deform the receptors" "what are the three mechanoreceptors? - Correct Answer proprioceptors, baroreceptors, stretc receptors" "Proprioceptors - Correct Answer respond to changes in the tension of muscles and tendons" "baroreceptors - Correct Answer detect changes in blood pressure" "stretch receptors - Correct Answer respond to the degree of inflation in the lungs" "what are free nerve endings? - Correct Answer responsible for the sensation of itching and other sensations" "What are Meissner's corpuscles? - Correct Answer touch receptors" "What are pacinian corpuscles? - Correct Answer deep pressure receptors" "What are warm receptors? - Correct Answer - those that respond to warmer temperatures - most sensitive to temperatures above 77 degrees F, 25 C - become unresponsive at 113F/45C. will trigger pain receptors and produce a burning sensation" "what are cold receptors? - Correct Answer - those that respond to colder temperatures - most sensitive to temps between 50F/10C and 68F/20C. - temps dropping below 68F/20C also stimulates pain receptors, producing a freezing sensation" "what are the three types of muscle tissue? - Correct Answer skeletal, cardiac, smooth" "skeletal muscle - Correct Answer A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones. voluntary." "smooth muscle - Correct Answer Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body" "cardiac muscle - Correct Answer Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart." "what are neuroglia cells - Correct Answer supporting cells of the nervous system" "What is the epidermis? - Correct Answer Outermost protective layer of dead keratinized epithelial cells" "What is the subcutaneous layer? - Correct Answer layer of connective tissue (adipose and LCT) that binds the skin to underlying structures." "what are the five layers of the epidermis - Correct Answer 1. stratum corneum 2. stratum lucidum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum spinosum 5. stratum basale" "what is the dermis - Correct Answer Inner layer of skin" "what two layers does the dermis consist of? - Correct Answer papillary layer (superficial) and reticular layer (deeper)" "What is the arrector pili? - Correct Answer smooth muscles that causes goosebumps when cold or frightened" "What is a sebaceous gland? - Correct Answer a small gland in the skin which secretes a lubricating oily matter (sebum) into the hair follicles to lubricate the skin and hair." "what are eccrine glands? - Correct Answer Most common sweat glands, most concentrated on palms, soles and forehead" "What are apocrine glands? - Correct Answer Mainly in the armpits and the groin area. Contains bit of cytoplasm from the secreting cells. The cell debris attracts bacteria, and the presense of bacteria results in body oder." "what is hypothermia? - Correct Answer low body temperature" "what is hyperthermia? - Correct Answer the condition of having a body temperature greatly above normal." "what pigments are used in determining skin color? - Correct Answer melanin, melanoid, keratin, hemoglobin, and oxyhemoglobin." "what are the muscle spindles? - Correct Answer receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change" "What are golgi tendon organs? - Correct Answer - tendons close to their attachments of muscles - connects to a set of skeletal muscle fibers and is innervated by a sensory neuron - high thresholds, increased tension stimulates them. - stimulate a reflex with an effect that is opposite of a stretch reflex - helps maintain posture and protects muscle attachments from being pulled loose by excessive tension." "describe the olfactory sensation - Correct Answer - olfactory receptor cells - chemoreceptors sensitsve to chemicals dissolved in liquids. - olfactory organs cover upper parts of the nasal cavity and contain olfactory receptor cells - olfactory pathways, bulbs, and tracts" "describe the taste sensation - Correct Answer - 5 primary taste sensations: sweet, sour, salty, bitter and unami - the way we experience flavors may reflect the concentration of chemicals as well as the sensation of smell, texture, and temp. - some chemicals in foods may stimulate a burning or painful sensation (hot foods) - sensitivity to sweets = tip of tongue - sour = greatest at the margins of the tongue - bitter = back of tongue - salty = widely distributed. - unmami: binding of certain amino acids (MSG flavor enhancer). - taste receptors rapidly undergo sensory adaptation." "what are the parts of the outer ear? - Correct Answer pinna, outer auditory canal, tympanic membrane (ear drum)" "what are the parts of the middle ear? - Correct Answer also called tympanic cavity malleus, incus, stapes" "what are the parts of the inner ear? - Correct Answer cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals" "How are sound vibrations transmitted to the inner ear? - Correct Answer Your ear converts sound waves into nerve impulses that your brain interprets. ... The ear canal is a hollow tube that carries the sound waves to the eardrum. The sound wave hits the eardrum, causing it to vibrate. The eardrum transmits these vibrations into the inner ear where they are amplified." "how do the hearing receptors work? - Correct Answer Hair cells in the cochlea bend slightly in response to vibrations, sending an electric message to the auditory nerve. Each hair cell responds to a different wavelength of vibration. The auditory nerve sends messages through the center of the brain to the side of the brain, the temporal-lobe cerebral cortex." "what is static equilibrium? - Correct Answer maintenance of balance wen the head and body are not in motion" "What is dynamic equilibrium? - Correct Answer maintenance of balance when the head and body are suddenly moved or rotated" "what anatomical structures are associated with static equilibrium? - Correct Answer The saccule and utricle each contain a sense organ, called the macula, where stereocilia and their supporting cells are found." "what anatomical structures are associated with dynamic equilibrium? - Correct Answer The cristae of the semicircular ducts, which form one of the two sensory organs of balance (the second being the maculae of the utricle and saccule), respond to rotational movements and are involved in dynamic equilibrium" "what are the basic anatomical parts of the eye? - Correct Answer retina, cornea, iris, lens, sclera, choroid coat" "what does the retina do? - Correct Answer Contains light receptors (photoreceptors) transparent sheet of tissue" "what does the cornea do? - Correct Answer Helps focus entering light rays" "what is the iris? - Correct Answer Controls the diameter of the pupil and how much light enters colored part of the eye" "what is the lens? - Correct Answer the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina" "What is the sclera of the eye? - Correct Answer white part of the eye" "what is the choroid coat? - Correct Answer a pigmented, highly vascular membrane of the eye that is continuous with the iris and lies between the sclera and the retina, functioning to nourish the retina and absorb scattered light" "What are rods and cones and what do they do? - Correct Answer -Rods and cones are the two kinds of photoreceptors. -Rods are light sensitive and are located in the periphery of the retina -help us see in low light conditions cones are involved with wavelength and visual acuity (ability to see detail) -center of retina -perform better in good lighting" "What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? - Correct Answer Anatomy - Greek for "Cutting up", examines the structures of body parts - their forms and organization Physiology - Greek for "relationship to nature", considers the functions of body parts - what they do and how they do it." "What are the levels of organization and define each - Correct Answer Atom, molecule, macromolecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, organ systems, organism" "atom - Correct Answer Smallest particle of an element" "Molecule - Correct Answer A group of atoms bonded together" "Macromolecules - Correct Answer A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules" "organelle - Correct Answer A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell" "cell - Correct Answer Basic unit of life" "tissue - Correct Answer A group of similar cells that perform the same function." "organ - Correct Answer A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body" "Organism - Correct Answer interacting organ system (human being)" "what are the characteristics of life? - Correct Answer movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion" "movement - Correct Answer an act of changing physical location or position or of having this changed." "Responsiveness - Correct Answer Reaction to a change inside or outside the body" "growth - Correct Answer the process of increasing in physical size." "Reproduction - Correct Answer the production of offspring" "Respiration - Correct Answer Inhalation and exhalation of air." "what are the requirements of life - Correct Answer water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure" "Define homeostasis - Correct Answer Maintaining a stable internal environment" "what is a homeostatic mechanism? - Correct Answer A homeostatic mechanism maintains homeostasis through a number of self-regulating control systems." "receptors - Correct Answer provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment." "control center - Correct Answer decision maker that includes a set point which is usually a particular value." "effectors - Correct Answer muscles or glands that take action and cause the appropriate response" "What is negative feedback? - Correct Answer Body REVERSES an original stimulus to regain balance" "what is positive feedback? - Correct Answer Body ENHANCES original stimulus to make deviation greater" "what is matter - Correct Answer Anything that has mass and takes up space" "what is an element - Correct Answer simplest examples of matter with specific chemical properties" "what is an atom? - Correct Answer Basic unit of matter" "what is the structure of an atom? - Correct Answer There is a nucleus made up of protons(+) and neutrons(no charge) surrounded by a cloud or ring of electrons(-). In a neutral charged atom, there is one proton for every electron." "What is the nucleus? - Correct Answer central portion of the atom composed of protons and neutrons and the electrons move around it" "what is a proton? - Correct Answer positively charged particle found in the nucleus" "what is an electron? - Correct Answer negatively charged particle" "what is a neutron? - Correct Answer a particle that has no charge and that is inside the nucleus" "What is a covalent bond? - Correct Answer A chemical bond formed when two or atoms share electrons." "what is an ionic bond? - Correct Answer A chemical bond that's formed when an atom transfers an electron to another Atom" "what is a hydrogen bond? - Correct Answer the attraction of the positive hydrogen end of a polar molecule to the negative nitrogen/oxygen end of another polar molecule. These bonds are relatively weak." "what is synthesis? - Correct Answer when two or more elements or compounds combine to make a more complex substance A+B---> AB" "What is decomposition? - Correct Answer the process by which chemicals are returned to the ecosystem from dead biotic matter. AB --> A+B" "what is exchange? - Correct Answer replacement reaction, parts of two different types of molecules trade positions as bonds are broken and new bonds are formed. AB + CD ---> AD + CB" "What is a reversible reaction? - Correct Answer products or product can change back to the reactant or reactants. A + B <--> AB" "what is a reactant - Correct Answer starting materials of a chemical reaction: the atoms, ions or molecules" "what is a product? - Correct Answer substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction." "what is a catalyst? - Correct Answer substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction" "what happens and what is produced when salts dissolve in water? - Correct Answer When ionically bound substances are placed in water, the ions are attracted to the positive and negative ends of the water molecules and tend to leave each other or dissociate" "what is an acid? - Correct Answer electrolytes (substances that release ions in water, the solution can conduct an electric current) that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water" "what is a base? - Correct Answer substances that release ions that can combine with hydrogen bonds" "what is the pH scale? - Correct Answer a measure of how many free H+ ions there are in a solution" "pH scale - Correct Answer scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14 is basic" "what is an organic molecule? - Correct Answer contains carbon and at least one hydrogen atom" "what are inorganic molecules? - Correct Answer all other chemicals. Usually dissolve in water and dissociate, forming ions and are electrolytes. Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and inorganic salts." "What is dehydration synthesis? - Correct Answer the process of joining two molecules, or compounds, together following the removal of water. anabolic" "What is hydrolysis? - Correct Answer the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water." "What are carbohydrates? - Correct Answer sugars and starches" "what are lipids? - Correct Answer fats" "what are proteins? - Correct Answer Proteins are found in living things and are made up of amino acid chains." "What are nucleic acids? - Correct Answer DNA and RNA" "What are triglycerides? - Correct Answer This term refers to the body's most concentrated energy source and the form in which most fats are stored in the body." "What are phospholipids? - Correct Answer Make up the lipid bilayer. Phospholipids are fat derivatives in which one fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate group and one of several nitrogen-containing molecules. They are amphiphlic molecule, meaning a portion can be dissolved in water and a portion that cannot dissolve in water." "What are steriods? - Correct Answer class of lipids that include many hormones included cholesterol, estrogen, and testosterone. they are characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings with various functional groups attached." "What are amino acids? - Correct Answer building blocks of proteins" "what are enzymes? - Correct Answer Proteins that speed up chemical reactions" "What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - Correct Answer DNA: double stranded, has deoxyribose sugar, bases: A, T, G, C RNA: single stranded, has ribose sugar, bases: A, U, G, C" "What is the cell membrane? - Correct Answer the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell." "What is the nucleus? - Correct Answer Contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell" "What is cytoplasm? - Correct Answer fluid inside the cells that consist of networks of membranes and organelles" "what are the functions of the cell membrane? - Correct Answer regulates what enters and leaves the cell and provides protection and support" "what are the functions of ribosomes? - Correct Answer protein synthesis" "What is the endoplasmic reticulum? - Correct Answer a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. INTERCONNECTED KEY WORD" "What is the golgi apparatus? - Correct Answer flattened stacks that process, package, and deliver proteins and lipids from the ER" "What are vesicles? - Correct Answer membranous sacs that store or transport substances" "What is the mitochondria? - Correct Answer Powerhouse that makes energy! Does this by "burning" glucose and oxygen to make ATP. It is where cellular respiration takes place in animal structures." "What are lysosomes? - Correct Answer digestive enzymes" "What are peroxisomes? - Correct Answer enzymes that digest lipids, alcohol, and hydrogen peroxide" "What are cilia? - Correct Answer tiny hair-like projections used to move a cell or to move things past a cell" "what are flagella? - Correct Answer Are tail-like appendages which whip through fluids, to help the cell move. Such as a sperm" "What is the nuclear envelope? - Correct Answer double membrane that surrounds the nucleus" "what are nuclear pores? - Correct Answer narrow space between nuclear envelope." "What is the nucleolus made up of? - Correct Answer proteins and RNA. site of ribosome production" "what is a chromatin? - Correct Answer DNA molecules that are tightly coiled around proteins call histones." "what is diffusion? - Correct Answer The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration." "what is osmosis? - Correct Answer diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane" "What is facilitated diffusion? - Correct Answer The passive movement of a particle across a cell membrane via a channel protein." "What is filtration? - Correct Answer the process of separating solid particles from a liquid" "what is active transport? - Correct Answer the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy." "what is endocytosis? - Correct Answer the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole." "What is exocytosis? - Correct Answer release of substances/particles from the cell. Vesicles containing particles fuse with cell membrane and release contents. Example: release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells" "What is transcytosis? - Correct Answer moving substances into, across, and then out of a cell" "What is a hypertonic solution? - Correct Answer The solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell so water moves out of the cell and into the solution causing the cell to plasmolyze (shrink)" "what is a hypotonic solution? - Correct Answer when the solute concentration is lower outside the cell, the cell will swell" "interphase - Correct Answer Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1 (growth/gap), S (synthesis), and G2 phases" "prophase - Correct Answer Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms" "metaphase - Correct Answer Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell" "anaphase - Correct Answer the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles" "telophase - Correct Answer the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed." "Cytokinesis - Correct Answer Division of the cytoplasm during cell division, begins during anaphase and continues through telophase" "catabolism - Correct Answer large molecules broken down into smaller ones" "what is anabolism? - Correct Answer small molecules are built into larger ones and require energy" "What is an enzyme? - Correct Answer a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction." "What is the active site? - Correct Answer The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds." "what is denaturization - Correct Answer inactivation of an enzyme or any other protein due to an irreversible change in its conformation. enzyme is unable to bind to substrate." "what is ATP - Correct Answer adenosine triphosphate" "How is ATP made? - Correct Answer glycolysis and cellular respiration" "How is ATP broken down to release energy? - Correct Answer hydrolysis" "What is aerobic respiration? - Correct Answer Aerobic respiration uses oxygen from the air to release energy from glucose." "what are the two stages of aerobic respiration? - Correct Answer Krebs cycle and electron transport chain" "What is the electron transport chain? - Correct Answer a series of enzyme complexes (electron carriers) located in the inner membrane of mitochondria." "what are the characteristics of DNA? - Correct Answer DNA has three types of chemical component: phosphate, a sugar called deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Two of the bases, adenine and guanine, have a double-ring structure characteristic of a type of chemical called a purine." "what are the characteristics of RNA? - Correct Answer RNA is single stranded, contains uracil, and has ribosome sugar" "What is a nucleotide? - Correct Answer Nitrogen base + sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and phosphate group. building blocks of nucleic acids" "what are the organic bases of DNA? - Correct Answer Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine" "what are the organic bases of RNA? - Correct Answer adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil" "how is RNA made? - Correct Answer transcription" "What is tRNA and what does it do? - Correct Answer Transfer RNA; tRNA carries a specific anticodon that matches with the codon of the mRNA; this provides tRNA with the instructions of what amino acid to bring to protein synthesis in the ribosomes." "what are codons? - Correct Answer a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule." "what are anticodons? - Correct Answer Codons that are complementary to the codons being translated." "what is translation - Correct Answer the decoding of an mRNA message into a protein" "What is transcription? - Correct Answer The process of making RNA from DNA" "How is DNA replicated? - Correct Answer The DNA molecule separates into two strands and then follows the rules of base pairing to build two new complementary strands. The nitrogenous bases on the original strands code for the arrangement of nucleotides in the new strands. For example, if the original strand contains guanine, then cytosine is added opposite it in the newly forming strand." "what is a mutation? - Correct Answer change in DNA sequence" "what is a tissue? - Correct Answer A group of cells that act together to perform a specific function." "what are the four types of tissues? - Correct Answer epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous" "general characteristics of epithelial tissues - Correct Answer They lack blood vessels, the nutrients diffuse to epithelial tissue from underlying connective tissue. they readily divide (injuries heal rapidly) and they are tightly packed. Covers organs and body surface. Lines cavities and hollow organs & make up glands. Have a free surface on outside, basement membrane on the inside." "How are epithelial tissues classified? - Correct Answer shape and number of layers" "where do you find epithelial tissue? - Correct Answer Its lines the external and internal surfaces of your body." "What is glandular epithelium? - Correct Answer -one cell or a group of cells that make a particular product. usually found in columnar/cuboidal epithelium" "general characteristics of connective tissue - Correct Answer Bind structures, provide support, filling spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infections, repair tissue damage" "Fibroblasts - Correct Answer In connective tissue, cells that secrete the proteins of the fibers." "Macrophages - Correct Answer Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream. originate as white blood cells" "mast cells - Correct Answer Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation." "collagen fibers - Correct Answer provides flexibility and strength" "elastic fibers - Correct Answer Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue. composed of elastin" "reticular fibers - Correct Answer Fibers made of collagen fibers that are very thin and branched. Forma tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues. found in spleen and liver" "what is a matrix - Correct Answer Extracellular matrix consists of protein fibers and ground substance; consistency varies from fluid to semisolid to solid. It binds, supports, and provides a medium through which substances may be transferred between the blood and cells of the tissue." "areolar connective tissue - Correct Answer Function: wraps and cushions organs Location: widely distributed under epithelia of body" "adipose connective tissue - Correct Answer acts as a storage depot for fat. located beneath skin, behind eyes, around kidneys, heart and spaces between muscles" "reticular connective tissue - Correct Answer forms supporting tissue in walls of liver and spleen" "dense regular connective tissue - Correct Answer Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction Location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses" "dense irregular connective tissue - Correct Answer Function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength Location: fibrous capsules of organs and joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract" "elastic connective tissue - Correct Answer Connective tissue made from elastic fibers that allows stretching (found in the lungs, artery walls, vocal cords)" "cartilage tissue - Correct Answer reduces friction between bones and supports and connects them" "hyaline cartilage - Correct Answer Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose" "elastic cartilage - Correct Answer cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage, found on external ear" "fibrocartilage - Correct Answer Pads between vertebrae that are shock absorbers" "bone - Correct Answer Dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton" "blood - Correct Answer Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets." "What is a chondrocyte? - Correct Answer a cell that has secreted the matrix of cartilage and become embedded in it." "What is lacunae? - Correct Answer cavities containing bone cells" "What is an osteocyte? - Correct Answer a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted." "what is the lamellae? - Correct Answer rings around the central canal, sites of lacunae" "What is canaliculi? - Correct Answer Networks of minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes. Canaliculli provide routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes and for wastes to leave them."