1. What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension?
A. Excessive salt intake
B. Renal disease
C. High cholesterol levels
D. Alcohol consumption
Answer: B) Renal disease
Rationale: Secondary hypertension is often caused by another
condition, with renal disease being a leading factor due to
impaired kidney function affecting fluid balance and blood
pressure regulation.
2. Which of the following is a primary complication of untreated
hypertension?
A. Diabetes
B. Stroke
C. Asthma
D. Hyperthyroidism
Answer: B) Stroke
Rationale: Untreated hypertension can cause damage to blood
vessels, increasing the risk of a stroke due to the development of
atherosclerosis or rupture of a weakened vessel.
3. Which of the following is the primary treatment goal for a
patient with acute myocardial infarction (MI)?
A. Increase fluid intake
B. Reduce heart rate and oxygen demand
C. Prevent deep vein thrombosis
D. Enhance gastrointestinal function
Answer: B) Reduce heart rate and oxygen demand
Rationale: The primary goal in managing MI is to reduce the
heart's workload by decreasing heart rate and oxygen demand to
,prevent further damage to the heart muscle.
4. Which of the following is a typical sign of hypoglycemia?
A. Increased thirst
B. Shaking and sweating
C. Increased urination
D. Elevated blood pressure
Answer: B) Shaking and sweating
Rationale: Hypoglycemia causes symptoms such as shaking,
sweating, and confusion due to the body's response to low blood
sugar levels.
5. In which of the following conditions would you expect an
increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)?
A. Acute inflammation
B. Dehydration
C. Iron deficiency anemia
D. Chronic hypertension
Answer: A) Acute inflammation
Rationale: ESR is an indicator of inflammation. It increases during
acute inflammatory processes, such as infections, autoimmune
diseases, and other inflammatory conditions.
6. A patient with acute blood loss from a traumatic injury may
experience which of the following?
A. Decreased heart rate
B. Decreased respiratory rate
C. Increased blood pressure
D. Increased heart rate
Answer: D) Increased heart rate
Rationale: Acute blood loss leads to a decrease in circulating
blood volume, which triggers compensatory tachycardia
(increased heart rate) to maintain cardiac output.
, 7. What is a classic symptom of Parkinson’s disease?
A. Muscle rigidity
B. Hypotension
C. Polyuria
D. Weight gain
Answer: A) Muscle rigidity
Rationale: Parkinson’s disease is characterized by symptoms such
as muscle rigidity, tremors, and bradykinesia due to a loss of
dopaminergic neurons in the brain.
8. What is the primary cause of atherosclerosis?
A. Decreased calcium intake
B. Chronic inflammation of the blood vessels
C. Increased HDL cholesterol
D. Vitamin D deficiency
Answer: B) Chronic inflammation of the blood vessels
Rationale: Atherosclerosis is primarily caused by the build-up of
plaque in the arteries, often triggered by chronic inflammation
and high levels of LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream.
9. A patient with COPD has developed a barrel chest. What does
this physical finding indicate?
A. Emphysema
B. Pneumonia
C. Asthma
D. Acute bronchitis
Answer: A) Emphysema
Rationale: A barrel chest is a physical characteristic seen in
emphysema, a type of COPD. It occurs due to the hyperinflation
of the lungs, which causes the chest to assume a rounded,
expanded shape.
A. Excessive salt intake
B. Renal disease
C. High cholesterol levels
D. Alcohol consumption
Answer: B) Renal disease
Rationale: Secondary hypertension is often caused by another
condition, with renal disease being a leading factor due to
impaired kidney function affecting fluid balance and blood
pressure regulation.
2. Which of the following is a primary complication of untreated
hypertension?
A. Diabetes
B. Stroke
C. Asthma
D. Hyperthyroidism
Answer: B) Stroke
Rationale: Untreated hypertension can cause damage to blood
vessels, increasing the risk of a stroke due to the development of
atherosclerosis or rupture of a weakened vessel.
3. Which of the following is the primary treatment goal for a
patient with acute myocardial infarction (MI)?
A. Increase fluid intake
B. Reduce heart rate and oxygen demand
C. Prevent deep vein thrombosis
D. Enhance gastrointestinal function
Answer: B) Reduce heart rate and oxygen demand
Rationale: The primary goal in managing MI is to reduce the
heart's workload by decreasing heart rate and oxygen demand to
,prevent further damage to the heart muscle.
4. Which of the following is a typical sign of hypoglycemia?
A. Increased thirst
B. Shaking and sweating
C. Increased urination
D. Elevated blood pressure
Answer: B) Shaking and sweating
Rationale: Hypoglycemia causes symptoms such as shaking,
sweating, and confusion due to the body's response to low blood
sugar levels.
5. In which of the following conditions would you expect an
increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)?
A. Acute inflammation
B. Dehydration
C. Iron deficiency anemia
D. Chronic hypertension
Answer: A) Acute inflammation
Rationale: ESR is an indicator of inflammation. It increases during
acute inflammatory processes, such as infections, autoimmune
diseases, and other inflammatory conditions.
6. A patient with acute blood loss from a traumatic injury may
experience which of the following?
A. Decreased heart rate
B. Decreased respiratory rate
C. Increased blood pressure
D. Increased heart rate
Answer: D) Increased heart rate
Rationale: Acute blood loss leads to a decrease in circulating
blood volume, which triggers compensatory tachycardia
(increased heart rate) to maintain cardiac output.
, 7. What is a classic symptom of Parkinson’s disease?
A. Muscle rigidity
B. Hypotension
C. Polyuria
D. Weight gain
Answer: A) Muscle rigidity
Rationale: Parkinson’s disease is characterized by symptoms such
as muscle rigidity, tremors, and bradykinesia due to a loss of
dopaminergic neurons in the brain.
8. What is the primary cause of atherosclerosis?
A. Decreased calcium intake
B. Chronic inflammation of the blood vessels
C. Increased HDL cholesterol
D. Vitamin D deficiency
Answer: B) Chronic inflammation of the blood vessels
Rationale: Atherosclerosis is primarily caused by the build-up of
plaque in the arteries, often triggered by chronic inflammation
and high levels of LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream.
9. A patient with COPD has developed a barrel chest. What does
this physical finding indicate?
A. Emphysema
B. Pneumonia
C. Asthma
D. Acute bronchitis
Answer: A) Emphysema
Rationale: A barrel chest is a physical characteristic seen in
emphysema, a type of COPD. It occurs due to the hyperinflation
of the lungs, which causes the chest to assume a rounded,
expanded shape.
