PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY 1020 FINAL
AUBURN QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS | NEW UPDATE 2025
elements - ANSWER (92 naturally occurring) pure substances that can't be
broken down.
most common elements - ANSWER CHON
compound - ANSWER 2+ different elements combines in mixed ratio
molecule - ANSWER 2+ elements (dont have to be different)
properties of elements - ANSWER differ from pure state when
compound/molecule
trace elements - ANSWER very small amounts of an element that is still
important
atom - ANSWER smallest unit that retains all the properties
made up of protons(+), electrons(-), and neutrons(0)
electrons - ANSWER orbits the nucleus (p and n) in shells
they orbit in pairs
,moving e up a shell (farther from nucleus) - ANSWER requires energy
moving e down a shell (closer to nucleus) - ANSWER takes energy away
valence electrons - ANSWER the e in the outermost shell
valence number - ANSWER number of bonds an atom can form- typically how
many unpaired e are in the outmost shell
atomic number - ANSWER number of p in an atom (subscript)
atomic mass - ANSWER number of p+n in an atom (superscript)
isotopes - ANSWER different forms of an element varying in mass
the p and e don't change therefore the charge doesn't change, only the n
half life - ANSWER time it takes for half of a radioactive (structurally unstable
isotope) sample to decay
carbon dating - ANSWER using the only radioactive form of carbon, C-14
to see how old something is
bonds - ANSWER join 2+ atoms
, covalent bonds - ANSWER the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
non-polar covalent bonds - ANSWER e are shared equally between the two
atoms
polar covalent bonds - ANSWER e are not shared equally between the two
atoms and tend to orbit one nucleus more frequently
electronegativity - ANSWER stronger e attraction in a polar covalent bond
ionic bond - ANSWER bond between ions due to electrostatic attraction
ions - ANSWER charged atoms (if p and e are not equal)
cation - ANSWER positively charged atom
anion - ANSWER negatively charged atom
Vader Waals forces - ANSWER not true bonds, transient charges in the orbits
that lead to positive and negative areas (local charges)
water - ANSWER very polar (H20)
AUBURN QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS | NEW UPDATE 2025
elements - ANSWER (92 naturally occurring) pure substances that can't be
broken down.
most common elements - ANSWER CHON
compound - ANSWER 2+ different elements combines in mixed ratio
molecule - ANSWER 2+ elements (dont have to be different)
properties of elements - ANSWER differ from pure state when
compound/molecule
trace elements - ANSWER very small amounts of an element that is still
important
atom - ANSWER smallest unit that retains all the properties
made up of protons(+), electrons(-), and neutrons(0)
electrons - ANSWER orbits the nucleus (p and n) in shells
they orbit in pairs
,moving e up a shell (farther from nucleus) - ANSWER requires energy
moving e down a shell (closer to nucleus) - ANSWER takes energy away
valence electrons - ANSWER the e in the outermost shell
valence number - ANSWER number of bonds an atom can form- typically how
many unpaired e are in the outmost shell
atomic number - ANSWER number of p in an atom (subscript)
atomic mass - ANSWER number of p+n in an atom (superscript)
isotopes - ANSWER different forms of an element varying in mass
the p and e don't change therefore the charge doesn't change, only the n
half life - ANSWER time it takes for half of a radioactive (structurally unstable
isotope) sample to decay
carbon dating - ANSWER using the only radioactive form of carbon, C-14
to see how old something is
bonds - ANSWER join 2+ atoms
, covalent bonds - ANSWER the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
non-polar covalent bonds - ANSWER e are shared equally between the two
atoms
polar covalent bonds - ANSWER e are not shared equally between the two
atoms and tend to orbit one nucleus more frequently
electronegativity - ANSWER stronger e attraction in a polar covalent bond
ionic bond - ANSWER bond between ions due to electrostatic attraction
ions - ANSWER charged atoms (if p and e are not equal)
cation - ANSWER positively charged atom
anion - ANSWER negatively charged atom
Vader Waals forces - ANSWER not true bonds, transient charges in the orbits
that lead to positive and negative areas (local charges)
water - ANSWER very polar (H20)
