NSG 5003 MID TERM FINAL EXAM

Question : What two types of hearing loss are associated with noise? Student Answer: Acoustic trauma and noise induced High frequency and low frequency High frequency and acoustic trauma Noise induced and low frequency Instructor Explanation: Two types of hearing loss are associated with noise: (1) acoustic trauma or instantaneous damage caused by a single sharply rising wave of sound (e.g., gunfire), and (2) noise-induced hearing loss, the more common type, which is the result of prolonged exposure to intense sound (e.g., noise associated with the workplace and leisure-time activities). The remaining options are not related to noise but rather to the amplitude of the sound. Question 7 . Question : A hypersensitivity reaction that produces an allergic response is called: Student Answer: Hemolytic shock Anaphylaxis Necrotizing vasculitis Systemic erythematosus Instructor Explanation: Examples of systemic anaphylaxis are allergic reactions to beestings, peanuts, and fish. The other options are not accurate examples of hypersensitivity. Question 8 . Question : Which cytokine is produced and released from virally infected host cells? Student Answer: IL-1 IL-10 Tumor necrosis factor–alpha (TNF-α) Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) Instructor Explanation: Only interferons are produced and released by virally infected cells in response to viral double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA). IFN-α and IFN-β induce the production of antiviral proteins, thereby conferring protection on uninfected cells. IFN-α or IFN-β is released from virally infected cells and attaches to a receptor on a neighboring cell. IFNs also enhance the efficiency of developing an acquired immune response. Question 10 . Question : Which T-lymphocyte phenotype is the key determinant of childhood asthma? Student Answer: CD4 helper T 1 (Th1) lymphocytes CD4 helper T 2 (Th2) lymphocytes CD8 cytotoxic T (Tc) lymphocytes Memory T lymphocytes Instructor Explanation: Asthma develops because the Th2 response (in which CD4 helper T cells produce specific cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) promotes an atopic and allergic response in the airways. This selection is the only option that accurately identifies the appropriate T-lymphocyte phenotype. Question 12 . Question : Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which problem? Student Answer: The circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues. Complement and chemotaxis are deficient. Underlying chronic illnesses exist. The number of mast cells is insufficient. Instructor Explanation: In some cases, impaired healing is not directly associated with aging, in general, but can instead be linked to a chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus. The other problems are not related to the aging process. Question 13 . Question : The role of cytokines in cell reproduction is that they: Student Answer: Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development. Block the progress of cell reproduction through the cell cycle. Restrain cell growth and development. Provide nutrients for cell growth and development. Instructor Explanation: Growth factors, also called cytokines, are peptides that transmit signals within and among cells. They have a major role in the regulation of tissue growth and development. The remaining options do not correctly describe the role of cytokines in cell reproduction. Question 15 . Question : Which characteristic is the most important determinant of immunogenicity when considering the antigen? Student Answer: Size Foreignness Complexity Quantity Instructor Explanation: Foremost among the criteria for immunogenicity is the antigen’s foreignness. A self- antigen that fulfills all of these criteria except foreignness does not normally elicit an immune response. Thus most individuals are tolerant of their own antigens. The immune system has an exquisite ability to distinguish self (self-antigens) from nonself (foreign antigens). The other options are considered when determining immunogenicity. Question 16 . Question : How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them? Student Answer: Through the protein channel (gap junction) Via the plasma membrane–bound signaling molecules (involving receptors) Through hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters By chemical messengers such as ligands Instructor Explanation: Cellular communication can occur by the binding of a chemical massager (a ligand) to a specific membrane receptor that is closely associated with the channel (e.g., G proteins). The other options do not correctly describe how cells communicate. Question 17 . Question : In a normal, nonmutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a: Student Answer: Basal cell Target cell Caretaker gene Proto-oncogene Instructor Explanation: In its normal nonmutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a proto-oncogene. The other options are not terms used to identify a nonmutant oncogene. Question 19 . Question : What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? Student Answer: Immature immune system Small alveoli Surfactant deficiency Anemia