paper 2 2021 question with answers
What is meant by the term ecological validity? - -the extent to which behaviours
observed and recorded in a study reflect the behaviours that actually occur in the
real world.
-Jemima and Lily are identical twins. Lily complains to Jemima, "I don't understand
it. If we have the same genes, how come you have clearer skin than me and are
much better at netball?" Jemima laughs and replies, "Lily, we may be identical
twins, but we are not identical people." Using your knowledge of genotype and
phenotype, explain Lily's and Jemima's comments. - -Lily and Jemima have identical
genotypes (genotype refers to the genetic make-up of an individual)
• Lily and Jemima do not have identical phenotypes (phenotype refers to the
observable characteristics of an individual as a result of their genotype and their
environment)
• although Lily and Jemima have the same genes, Jemima might practice netball
more or have started lessons earlier than Lily, these environmental factors may
make her better at netball
• although Lily and Jemima have the same genes, Jemima might have a different
skin care routine/diet/sun exposure/etc than Lily, these environmental factors may
make her skin clearer than Lily's
-Lily and Jemima have a pet rat, which usually hides in a corner when they try to
take it out box of its cage. They have tried different ways to stop the rat hiding, but
so far without success. Use your knowledge of two types of reinforcement to
suggest how Lily and Jemima could train their rat to come to the cage door when
they open it. - -• positive reinforcement - when Lily/Jemima open the cage door they
can give the rat treats like chocolate drops for coming to the cage door when they
open it. This will make the rat more likely to come to the door the next time they
open the cage • negative reinforcement - have something unpleasant like spraying
the rat with water or playing loud music/alarm and then stop this when the rat
comes to the door so that over time when they open the cage the rat will be more
likely to come to the door
-Compare the humanistic approach with the psychodynamic approach - -•
determinism - the humanistic approach assumes people have free choice over their
behaviour, whereas the psychodynamic approach assumes that behaviour is
determined by unconscious factors (beyond conscious control)
• nature/nurture - the humanistic approach assumes behaviour is affected by desire
to self-actualise (nature) and our experience can provide barriers to this through
conditions of worth and varying experience of conditional positive regard (nurture).
Likewise, the psychodynamic approach assumes behaviour is driven by unconscious
forces, eg id/ego/superego dynamics (nature) but our coping mechanisms such as
defence mechanisms arise from experience (nurture)
• methodology - both are much less scientific than other approaches (but the
psychodynamic approach assumes that some aspects of behaviour can be
investigated scientifically)
• therapy - Rogers believed that counselling (utilising unconditional positive regard)
can be used to help clients solve their problems, overcome conditions of worth and
What is meant by the term ecological validity? - -the extent to which behaviours
observed and recorded in a study reflect the behaviours that actually occur in the
real world.
-Jemima and Lily are identical twins. Lily complains to Jemima, "I don't understand
it. If we have the same genes, how come you have clearer skin than me and are
much better at netball?" Jemima laughs and replies, "Lily, we may be identical
twins, but we are not identical people." Using your knowledge of genotype and
phenotype, explain Lily's and Jemima's comments. - -Lily and Jemima have identical
genotypes (genotype refers to the genetic make-up of an individual)
• Lily and Jemima do not have identical phenotypes (phenotype refers to the
observable characteristics of an individual as a result of their genotype and their
environment)
• although Lily and Jemima have the same genes, Jemima might practice netball
more or have started lessons earlier than Lily, these environmental factors may
make her better at netball
• although Lily and Jemima have the same genes, Jemima might have a different
skin care routine/diet/sun exposure/etc than Lily, these environmental factors may
make her skin clearer than Lily's
-Lily and Jemima have a pet rat, which usually hides in a corner when they try to
take it out box of its cage. They have tried different ways to stop the rat hiding, but
so far without success. Use your knowledge of two types of reinforcement to
suggest how Lily and Jemima could train their rat to come to the cage door when
they open it. - -• positive reinforcement - when Lily/Jemima open the cage door they
can give the rat treats like chocolate drops for coming to the cage door when they
open it. This will make the rat more likely to come to the door the next time they
open the cage • negative reinforcement - have something unpleasant like spraying
the rat with water or playing loud music/alarm and then stop this when the rat
comes to the door so that over time when they open the cage the rat will be more
likely to come to the door
-Compare the humanistic approach with the psychodynamic approach - -•
determinism - the humanistic approach assumes people have free choice over their
behaviour, whereas the psychodynamic approach assumes that behaviour is
determined by unconscious factors (beyond conscious control)
• nature/nurture - the humanistic approach assumes behaviour is affected by desire
to self-actualise (nature) and our experience can provide barriers to this through
conditions of worth and varying experience of conditional positive regard (nurture).
Likewise, the psychodynamic approach assumes behaviour is driven by unconscious
forces, eg id/ego/superego dynamics (nature) but our coping mechanisms such as
defence mechanisms arise from experience (nurture)
• methodology - both are much less scientific than other approaches (but the
psychodynamic approach assumes that some aspects of behaviour can be
investigated scientifically)
• therapy - Rogers believed that counselling (utilising unconditional positive regard)
can be used to help clients solve their problems, overcome conditions of worth and
