APTD Final Exam Study Guide 2025

PEPS - Productivity Environmental Preference Survey - Identifies three adult preferences for conditions in a working and learning environment: 1. Preferred physical environment. 2. Emotionality 3. Sociological needs. 4. Physical needs for learning Canfield Learning Styles Inventory (CLSI) - Describes learning styles along 4 dimensions, including: 1. conditions for learning 2. area of interest 3. mode of learning 4. conditions for performance. Learning Styles Questionnaire - Categorizes a learner as primarily: 1. activist who likes to do things; if only for the sake of doing. 2. reflector who stands back to think. 3. theorist who wants things tidy and rational. 4. a pragmatist who prefers to do whatever works. Connectivism - Learning theory for the digital age; explains how internet technologies have created new opportunities for people to learn and share information Benefits of Technology Based Learning - 1. Cost effectiveness. 2. Speed and precision. 3. access anytime, anywhere. 4. Self direction for learners. Tasks ideal for job aids - 1. task performed with relatively low frequency. 2. highly complex task. 3. a task with a high consequence of error. 4. a task with high probability of change in the future. When to use an EPSS - 1. performance based problem exists thats caused by a knowledge or skills deficiency. 2. tasks related to the performance problem are relatively difficult to perform. 3. tasks are performed infrequently. 4. tasks dont have to be performed in emergency situations. 5. serious implications if the tasks are performed inadequately. 6. The performance environment accommodates EPSS hardware. Elaine Beich - tips for applying Malcolm Knowles principles - 1. create a safe haven for learning. 2. create a comfortable environment. 3. encourage participation. 4. facilitate more than lecture. Beich- Four key areas for preparing for a presentation - 1. gain an understanding of the learning objectives. 2. learn the material. 3. practice the delivery 4. prepare questions to stimulate learning Lambert's four elements for an effective oral presentation - 1. Opener 2. Bridge 3. Main body 4. Close Active Training Techniques - 1. Brainstorming 2. Case Study 3. Role Play Contexting - The way one communicates and the circumstances surrounds the communication. Concept of Time - North american and north europeans see time as a tool. something to be used, divided, or wasted. Latin america, central africa, and arab states see time as fluid. put personal involvement and completion of projects above schedules. will compliment for completion of a transaction, no matter how long it takes. Illustrators - movements that complement verbal communication by describing, accenting, or reinforcing what the speaker says. More universal than emblems. Increases use when the speaker is excited or senses lack of understanding. Affect Displays - gestures that communicate emotion Regulators - gestures used to control conversation Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory - People learn from one another via observation, imitation, and modeling. Bridge between Behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation. Broadband - a high-capacity transmission technique using a wide range of frequencies, which enables a large number of messages to be communicated simultaneously. Learning Object - Typically includes 3 components: 1. a performance goal (what the learner will be able to accomplish) 2. necessary learning content to reach the goal (video, text, illustration, slide, demo, etc.) 3. Some form of evaluation to measure whether the goal was achieved. Learning Analytics - The field associated with deciphering trends and patterns from huge sets of student-related data to further the advancement of personalized systems of higher education. Source if information for making personalized course content. Performance Management - the process through which managers ensure that employees' activities and outputs contribute to the organization's goals. Plays a role in Talent Management. Human Capital Management - integrates training with all aspects of the human resource function to determine how training dollars are spent and how training expenses translate into business dollars for the company Talent Management Analytics - The use of talent data to do such tasks as improve business performance, predict turnover, measure the business impact of leadership development programs, and determine the effectiveness of onboarding programs. Knowledge Management (KM) - Process of creating, acquiring, sharing, and managing knowledge to augment individual and organizational performance. Evan's Knowledge Management Cycle - 1. Identify and/or Create 2. Store 3. Share 4. Use 5. Learn 6. Improve All evaluation models contain these steps - 1. Identify evaluation goals 2. Develop an evaluation design and strategy 3. select and construct measurement tools 4. analyze data 5. report data Content Validity - the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest. Low- doesnt represent true summation of the program content. high- instrument represents a good balance of all the program content. Construct Validity - Degree to which an instrument represents the construct its supposed to measure. Abstract variable such as skill or ability. Defended through expert opinion, correlations, logical deductions, and criterion group studies. Criterion Validity - Extent to which the assessment can predict or agree with external constructs. Determined by looking at the correlation between the instrument and the criterion measure. Predictive Validity - Extend to which an instrument can predict future behaviors or results. Cross: Chain of Response - Pertains to adult participation in learning 1. Motivation to participate is the result of a person's perception of both positive and negative. 2. Certain personalities do not enjoy learning because of low self esteem. 3. Congruence exists between participants and anticipated learning outcomes. 4. Lower needs need to be fulfilled first 5. Expectations of reward are important to motivation. B.F. Skinner - American behaviorist- chiefly interested in learning process. Used reinforcement to successfully teach pigeons to bowl. Programmed learning- small steps. Related to behaviorism. Right side of the brain - Emotion, intuition, visual-spacial orientation, music, art, imagery, pattern awareness, synthesis of information, simultaneous processing events, timelessness, divergent thinking Socialization - Tacit knowledge can be passed along to become part of someone else's tacit knowledge. Cultural Adaptation Process Model (CAP) - Designed specifically for discovering and testing the effects of cultural differences on training courses and materials. Identify the cultural characteristics of learning courses and compare them with the characteristics and preferences of the targeted learners. Emotional Constraints - Beliefs about emotional displays Behavior Constraints - Beliefs about proper behavior that affect both verbal and nonverbal communication (such as eye contact and proximity). Cognitive Constraints - Differing worldviews by which all information is compared. Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory - Does not deny the importance of the environment in determining behavior, but it does argue that people can also, through forethought, self reflection, and self regulatory processes, exert substantial influence over their own outcomes and the environment more broadly. Semiotics - To acquire culture, members of society must be able to communicate it to one another in a common language that has a shared meaning, whether verbally or nonverbally. Study of how this meaning is created and communicated. Enculturation - Process by which a person acquires his or her culture. Bennett's Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity - As one's experience of cultural difference becomes more complex and sophisticated, one's competence in intercultural relations increases. Dilemma Theory - Human universally experience problems associated with their relationship to others, time, and the environment. Solutions for dealing are not universal. Restraint - Follow stricter norms, Egypt and Ukraine, Keep savings. Indulgence - Permit and encourage gratification of basic needs. Venezuela and Colombia. U.S. - debts and indulge in new things. Short Term Orientation - Focus more on the past and present, appreciate traditions, norms, and reciprocation, may view change more warily. African countries - Nigeria and Ghana. Wont wait as long to achieve a goal. Long Term Orientation - More pragmatic and are content with waiting on rewards as seen in such behaviors as savings, adapting, and persisting. China- persist as long as needed to achieve a goal. Uncertainty Avoidance - Involves a society's level of tolerance for ambiguity when facing new or unknown situations- should it attempt to control the future or accept that the situation will occur? High- numerous rules, regulations Low- less worried in new situations, fewer rules, tolerate differing opinions. Femininity - Prefer cooperation, modesty, caring for others, and a concern for quality of life. Prefer consensus to competition. Nordic countries and the Netherlands. Masculinity - Masculine countries are typically more competitive and reflect the more traditional male values of assertiveness, achievement, and material rewards. Japan, Germany, Austria, Switzerland. Power Distance - Expresses the degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. Forecasting - Mathematical variation of trend analysis in which values (other than training) are accounted for at the time the training is implemented. Utility Analysis - Measure's a programs economic contribution according to how effective the program was in identifying and modifying behavior, and therefore, the future service contribution of employees. Return on Expectations (ROE) - Process that requires taking the data collected at each of Kirkpatrick's 4 levels and putting them into a logical chain of evidence that unifies the learning and business functions. 2 Levels measured: 1. monetary cost 2. extend to which learning produces performance results. Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) - Attempts to summarize the overall monetary value of a project or proposal. Ratio of the benefits of a project or proposal relative to its cost. Often reported as same ROI, but it is not. BCR is commonly used to measure actual results, while ROI is often forecasted before investing in a program or project. Cost-Benefit Analysis - Framework for considering a range of costs and benefits in monetary terms. Level 4 and ROI Evaluations - Help tie what was expected to what was realized and provide important information about whether the strategy was appropriate. Cause-and-effect Analysis - Used to identify, explore, and display the possible causes of variation. Also called a fishbone diagram because of its shape. Ishikawa diagram. Kurt Lewin: Force Field Analysis - Helps identify the force maintaining the status quo and helps clarify approaches needed to facilitate change. Positive forces "driving forces". Negative forces "resisting forces". Strengthening driving forces is easier than eliminating resisting forces. Measures of Dispersion - range, variance, standard deviation Meta-Evaluation - An evaluation of an evaluation in which an outside person reviews an evaluation for its quality (to minimize bias). Balanced Scorecard - Way for organizations to evaluate effectiveness by using more than financial measures. 1. customer perspective. 2. innovation and learning perspective 3. internal business perspective 4. financial perspective Two categories of evaluation - 1. Program evaluation 2. Training Transfer evaluation Test-Retest Check of Reliability - Same test is give twice to same group and the scores are compared. Formal Learning - Primarily rooted in a philosophy of behaviorism, which defines learning as a behavior change. Informal Learning - Rooted in the philosophy of constructivism, which characterizes learning not as a change in behavior, but as a change in knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes, many of which cannot be observed or measured, and some of which are reflected in new skills and processes. Drawbacks of Classroom Learning - 1. Training is expensive 2. Training is hard to schedule 3. Training is temporary. Learners don't retain knowledge or skills unless they have an opportunity to practice. U-Shaped Seating - Popular for seminars. gives participants the sense they are equal. The opening in the U is a position of power for a facilitator, note taker, or recorder. EPSS (Electronic Performance Support System) - Computer application thats linked directly to another application to train or guide workers through completing a task in the target application. System delivers timely information and with minimum staff support.