NST 104 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
Paleolithic Diet - ANSWER-meat & seafood
plants
nuts & seeds
smaller amounts of tuber & wild grains (high fiber ones)
modern-day hunter gatherer societies - ANSWER-non-industrialized societies:
Kalahari =persistence hunters
Hadza in Tanzania
Sentinelese in India
examples of hunter-gather in industrialized societies - ANSWER-freegan (dumpster
diving for vegan free food and vegan anti consumer stuff , reduce consumption and
reuse even the stuff they find)
& foragers (take wild plants and eat them)
why forage? - ANSWER-for the environment(keep species diversity)
for your health (nutrient biodiversity)
modern-day foraging benefits - ANSWER-biodiversity (protects against plant disease
and nutrient diversity, phytonutrients)
preserve nature harvest responsibly
connection to environment
survival skills
free delicious food
concerns of modern-day foraging - ANSWER-- conservation: need a "middle ground"
approach to nature (plant diversly and take what is needed)
- stigma: peasant or "low-class"
- legal: public vs. private (can't pick on public land)
- toxins: in plant, added to plant
foraging concerns: toxins - ANSWER-in plant: naturally poisonous
added to plant: pesticides, dog pee, etc.
eras - ANSWER-Paleo 2.5 M-12k
Mesolithic 15k-10k (unclear time)
Neolithic (agricultural rev) 12k - 4.5k
Agricultural Revolution: moving into agriculture - ANSWER-paleolithic era (2.5 M -
12k --> mesolithic era (in between)--> neolithic era 12/10k- 4.5/2k years ago
Neolithic Era - ANSWER-12/10k- 4.5/2k years ago"Agricultural Revolution";
occurred over thousands of years; domestication of plants & animals
wild species --> selected varieties bead selective potatoes moved from wild to more
cal dense ones
,changed over time to later build farms and societies
Neolithic Era Dietary Changes - ANSWER-agricultural revolution --> selective
farming
dependence on a small number of cultivated crops & domesticated animals
higher risk of widespread famine, less diverse diet --> harder to achieve balance,
higher vitamin deficiencies
more chance of malnutrition because they selectively farm
long life but more nutrient deprived
wild vs cultivated crop - ANSWER-the diverse potato wins through blight or disease
cloned or mono ctop single species potato all ate affected and all die out leading to
famine
Neolithic social changes - ANSWER-population growth
larger group settlement --> social interaction (occupations and specializing)
not everyone had to be involved in getting food(other occupations)
food trade occurs
Industrial Revolution - ANSWER-late 18th century
from farms to factories
rapid acceleration of manufacturing in England,
innovative technologies, reorganization of workforce for mass production of
commodities
IR dietary changes - ANSWER-work: agriculture to industry
live: rural to urban
work conditions: lead to malnutrition, disease
shift in meal patterns
"mixed blessing" of technological food developments
more cal retention from more processed foods more energy absorption
to get mass uniform products out longer shlf life products less fresh food
Pro Paleo Arguments - ANSWER-- mismatch of genome & diet
-decreased rates of chronic disease
-refined foods are bad
transition to homo group - ANSWER-smaller mouths, weaker jaws, smaller teeth
(some sharper), smaller stomachs, smaller large intestine, smaller gut volume, larger
brains
why we eat more than ancestors have same BMR for size but still have higher cal
diets - ANSWER-the brain uses up a larger chunk of calories and small stomachs
and guts need less energy to metabolize less dense fibrous stuff
Expensive Tissue Hypothesis - ANSWER-big brains, small guts;
brains are greedy for glucose
, human brain - ANSWER-uses 20% of our BMR
but only 2.5% of body weight (other mammals = 8-10%)
humans and primates have the same BMR, how is this increased energy being
offset? - ANSWER-humans have higher energy dense diet less pant dense
man-the-hunter hypothesis - ANSWER-modifications of human physiology began
2mya due to increased meat consumption (meat = high caloric density, low fiber
density compared to plant foods)
-problem: teeth, mouths, jaws, and metabolism aren't well suited to raw meat we
don't have as much stomach acid to digest raw meat
cooking hypothesis - ANSWER-helped digest meat
cooking increases energy obtained from food b/c there is less cost of digestion.
easier to digest
more energy-dense diet --> physiological changes --> more energy for brain
the more processed and easier to eat the less cals expended and the more cals it
provides
dietary change and human brain evolution - ANSWER-1. foliage --> to roots (more
cal dense for brain)
2. increased meat (cals) consumption and tools for processing
3. cooking (easy digestion less cal expended)
4. improved cooking methods
homo sapiens - ANSWER-200,000ya - present, Africa to worldwide, bigger brains
help them to survive; lived through Paleolithic Era
Paleolithic Era - ANSWER-2.5mya-12,000ya,
characterized by :
development of stone tools
hunter-gatherer societies "bands"
low population density ( more land for food to support small group of ppl)
more leisure time than agricultural or industrial societies ( had big hunts with relax
periods of surplus (feast and famine not good for reproduction )
21st century diet with paleo bodies - ANSWER-we eat too much stuff thats not paleo
like process refined starches and fat when we're built to thrive off stuff we eat less of
like meats fish and plants
Pro Veg Arguments - ANSWER--environment has changed: not enough meat to feed
the planet ( less enegry to produce it )
-environmental concerns: climate change
-economic concerns
-whole plant foods are good for us
breadatarian - ANSWER-just eat processed junk food, bread
Evolution of Meat - ANSWER-meat is not what it used to be:
CORRECT ANSWERS
Paleolithic Diet - ANSWER-meat & seafood
plants
nuts & seeds
smaller amounts of tuber & wild grains (high fiber ones)
modern-day hunter gatherer societies - ANSWER-non-industrialized societies:
Kalahari =persistence hunters
Hadza in Tanzania
Sentinelese in India
examples of hunter-gather in industrialized societies - ANSWER-freegan (dumpster
diving for vegan free food and vegan anti consumer stuff , reduce consumption and
reuse even the stuff they find)
& foragers (take wild plants and eat them)
why forage? - ANSWER-for the environment(keep species diversity)
for your health (nutrient biodiversity)
modern-day foraging benefits - ANSWER-biodiversity (protects against plant disease
and nutrient diversity, phytonutrients)
preserve nature harvest responsibly
connection to environment
survival skills
free delicious food
concerns of modern-day foraging - ANSWER-- conservation: need a "middle ground"
approach to nature (plant diversly and take what is needed)
- stigma: peasant or "low-class"
- legal: public vs. private (can't pick on public land)
- toxins: in plant, added to plant
foraging concerns: toxins - ANSWER-in plant: naturally poisonous
added to plant: pesticides, dog pee, etc.
eras - ANSWER-Paleo 2.5 M-12k
Mesolithic 15k-10k (unclear time)
Neolithic (agricultural rev) 12k - 4.5k
Agricultural Revolution: moving into agriculture - ANSWER-paleolithic era (2.5 M -
12k --> mesolithic era (in between)--> neolithic era 12/10k- 4.5/2k years ago
Neolithic Era - ANSWER-12/10k- 4.5/2k years ago"Agricultural Revolution";
occurred over thousands of years; domestication of plants & animals
wild species --> selected varieties bead selective potatoes moved from wild to more
cal dense ones
,changed over time to later build farms and societies
Neolithic Era Dietary Changes - ANSWER-agricultural revolution --> selective
farming
dependence on a small number of cultivated crops & domesticated animals
higher risk of widespread famine, less diverse diet --> harder to achieve balance,
higher vitamin deficiencies
more chance of malnutrition because they selectively farm
long life but more nutrient deprived
wild vs cultivated crop - ANSWER-the diverse potato wins through blight or disease
cloned or mono ctop single species potato all ate affected and all die out leading to
famine
Neolithic social changes - ANSWER-population growth
larger group settlement --> social interaction (occupations and specializing)
not everyone had to be involved in getting food(other occupations)
food trade occurs
Industrial Revolution - ANSWER-late 18th century
from farms to factories
rapid acceleration of manufacturing in England,
innovative technologies, reorganization of workforce for mass production of
commodities
IR dietary changes - ANSWER-work: agriculture to industry
live: rural to urban
work conditions: lead to malnutrition, disease
shift in meal patterns
"mixed blessing" of technological food developments
more cal retention from more processed foods more energy absorption
to get mass uniform products out longer shlf life products less fresh food
Pro Paleo Arguments - ANSWER-- mismatch of genome & diet
-decreased rates of chronic disease
-refined foods are bad
transition to homo group - ANSWER-smaller mouths, weaker jaws, smaller teeth
(some sharper), smaller stomachs, smaller large intestine, smaller gut volume, larger
brains
why we eat more than ancestors have same BMR for size but still have higher cal
diets - ANSWER-the brain uses up a larger chunk of calories and small stomachs
and guts need less energy to metabolize less dense fibrous stuff
Expensive Tissue Hypothesis - ANSWER-big brains, small guts;
brains are greedy for glucose
, human brain - ANSWER-uses 20% of our BMR
but only 2.5% of body weight (other mammals = 8-10%)
humans and primates have the same BMR, how is this increased energy being
offset? - ANSWER-humans have higher energy dense diet less pant dense
man-the-hunter hypothesis - ANSWER-modifications of human physiology began
2mya due to increased meat consumption (meat = high caloric density, low fiber
density compared to plant foods)
-problem: teeth, mouths, jaws, and metabolism aren't well suited to raw meat we
don't have as much stomach acid to digest raw meat
cooking hypothesis - ANSWER-helped digest meat
cooking increases energy obtained from food b/c there is less cost of digestion.
easier to digest
more energy-dense diet --> physiological changes --> more energy for brain
the more processed and easier to eat the less cals expended and the more cals it
provides
dietary change and human brain evolution - ANSWER-1. foliage --> to roots (more
cal dense for brain)
2. increased meat (cals) consumption and tools for processing
3. cooking (easy digestion less cal expended)
4. improved cooking methods
homo sapiens - ANSWER-200,000ya - present, Africa to worldwide, bigger brains
help them to survive; lived through Paleolithic Era
Paleolithic Era - ANSWER-2.5mya-12,000ya,
characterized by :
development of stone tools
hunter-gatherer societies "bands"
low population density ( more land for food to support small group of ppl)
more leisure time than agricultural or industrial societies ( had big hunts with relax
periods of surplus (feast and famine not good for reproduction )
21st century diet with paleo bodies - ANSWER-we eat too much stuff thats not paleo
like process refined starches and fat when we're built to thrive off stuff we eat less of
like meats fish and plants
Pro Veg Arguments - ANSWER--environment has changed: not enough meat to feed
the planet ( less enegry to produce it )
-environmental concerns: climate change
-economic concerns
-whole plant foods are good for us
breadatarian - ANSWER-just eat processed junk food, bread
Evolution of Meat - ANSWER-meat is not what it used to be:
