Osteoporosis - Correct Answers Most common bone disease in humans.
A condition in which the body's bones are marked by low bone mineral density, impaired structural
integrity, decreased bone strength.
bone density classifications - Correct Answers Normal bone mass > 833mg/cm2
Osteopenia: bone mass of 648-833 mg/cm2
Osteoporosis: bone mass < 648 mg/cm2
RANKYL - Correct Answers CYTOKINE RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR kB ligand
Gower's sign - Correct Answers Difficulty rising to standing position; has to walk up legs using hands;
occurs in Muscular dystrophy
Adipokines - Correct Answers protein hormones made and released by adipose tissue (fat) cells,
regulate food intake and metabolism.
increase or decrease fat mass
provide signals to the hypothalamus, brainstem, ANS and hunger center to regulate satiety and energy
balance.
adipose tissue-gut-brain axis - Correct Answers GI tract releases adipokines and hormones which
interact with the brain and contribute to the pathophysiology of obesity.
visceral obesity - Correct Answers Distribution of body fat is localized around the abdomen and upper
body
"Apple shape"
Associated with chronic inflammation, metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, type 2 DM, CV
disease, osteoarthritis, fatty liver and cancer.
, peripheral obesity - Correct Answers fat is distributed around the thighs and buttocks (pear) and is
more common in women. Risk factors are less severe than those with visceral obesity.
Primary thyroid disorders - Correct Answers conditions that result from dysfunction of the thyroid gland
subclinical thyroid disease - Correct Answers presence of disease without obvious symptoms
secondary thyroid disorders - Correct Answers conditions that results from the dysfunction of either the
pituitary or the hypothalamus
Somogyi effect - Correct Answers hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia
Dawn phenomenon - Correct Answers an increase in blood glucose in the early morning, most likely due
to increased glucose production in the liver after an overnight fast
microvascular disease: Definition and example - Correct Answers Disease of the finer blood vessels in
the body, including the capillaries. In contrast to macrovascular disease. The microvascular
complications of diabetes such as neuropathy can lead to loss of sensation and the development of foot
ulcers.
Macrovascular disease: Definition and example - Correct Answers Macrovascular disease is associated
with the development of coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, brain attack (stroke), and
increased risk of infection. Type 2 diabetes is more closely associated with macrovascular diseases than
type 1 diabetes.
Exopthalmus or proptosis in Graves' disease - Correct Answers Forward projection of bulging of the eye
out of the orbit secondary to fat deposits behind the eye
Can be unilateral OR bilateral.
Pancreas - Correct Answers Located behind the stomach, between the spleen and duodenum and
contains islets of Langerhans.
A condition in which the body's bones are marked by low bone mineral density, impaired structural
integrity, decreased bone strength.
bone density classifications - Correct Answers Normal bone mass > 833mg/cm2
Osteopenia: bone mass of 648-833 mg/cm2
Osteoporosis: bone mass < 648 mg/cm2
RANKYL - Correct Answers CYTOKINE RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR kB ligand
Gower's sign - Correct Answers Difficulty rising to standing position; has to walk up legs using hands;
occurs in Muscular dystrophy
Adipokines - Correct Answers protein hormones made and released by adipose tissue (fat) cells,
regulate food intake and metabolism.
increase or decrease fat mass
provide signals to the hypothalamus, brainstem, ANS and hunger center to regulate satiety and energy
balance.
adipose tissue-gut-brain axis - Correct Answers GI tract releases adipokines and hormones which
interact with the brain and contribute to the pathophysiology of obesity.
visceral obesity - Correct Answers Distribution of body fat is localized around the abdomen and upper
body
"Apple shape"
Associated with chronic inflammation, metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, type 2 DM, CV
disease, osteoarthritis, fatty liver and cancer.
, peripheral obesity - Correct Answers fat is distributed around the thighs and buttocks (pear) and is
more common in women. Risk factors are less severe than those with visceral obesity.
Primary thyroid disorders - Correct Answers conditions that result from dysfunction of the thyroid gland
subclinical thyroid disease - Correct Answers presence of disease without obvious symptoms
secondary thyroid disorders - Correct Answers conditions that results from the dysfunction of either the
pituitary or the hypothalamus
Somogyi effect - Correct Answers hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia
Dawn phenomenon - Correct Answers an increase in blood glucose in the early morning, most likely due
to increased glucose production in the liver after an overnight fast
microvascular disease: Definition and example - Correct Answers Disease of the finer blood vessels in
the body, including the capillaries. In contrast to macrovascular disease. The microvascular
complications of diabetes such as neuropathy can lead to loss of sensation and the development of foot
ulcers.
Macrovascular disease: Definition and example - Correct Answers Macrovascular disease is associated
with the development of coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, brain attack (stroke), and
increased risk of infection. Type 2 diabetes is more closely associated with macrovascular diseases than
type 1 diabetes.
Exopthalmus or proptosis in Graves' disease - Correct Answers Forward projection of bulging of the eye
out of the orbit secondary to fat deposits behind the eye
Can be unilateral OR bilateral.
Pancreas - Correct Answers Located behind the stomach, between the spleen and duodenum and
contains islets of Langerhans.
