PATH 1017 W11 ACTUAL 2025/2026 SELECTED CANCERS WITH
VERIFIED COMPLETE CORRECT SOLUTIONS !!
Treatment & Prognosis: Colon Cancer - ---Answers----
Surgical removal:
- Colectomy; colon resection; colostomy
- Sometimes pre-surgery radiation
- Post-op chemotherapy
- Chemotherapy and radiation may be used for palliative
treatment
Prognosis depends on:
1. Stage
- If the tumour is caught in stage 1, the survival rate is 90-100%
- If the tumour is caught in later stages, higher rates of death
will show
- Overall, an average of 60% 5 year survival rate
2. Amount of bowel involved
3. Metastasis present at diagnosis
Testicular Cancer - ---Answers----- Most common cancer in
males 15-35y
- 5 year survival rate: >95% Highly curable
,- Etiology: unknown
Predisposing factors:
1. Cryptorchidism: undescended testes
- The higher the testes are, the greater the risk
- Testicles don't like to be in such a warm environment
- Refers to the testes
2. Genetics:
- Family clusters, no specific genes identifies as yet
- Disorders of testicular development
- Most common in Caucasians
Usually arise from germ cells (Cells from gonads):
Capable of:
- Differentiating into different cell types
- Secreting hormones including those from earlier stages of
development
May be classified as seminomas and non-seminomas based
on cell type and differentiation:
1. Seminomas: uniform cell type
,- Cells are fairly well specialized and look alike within the
sample
- Carries a better prognosis
2. Non-seminomas: more than one cell type, less differentiated
- Cells have more than 2 cell type, less differentiated and less
specialized and this type of tumour will contribute to a poor
prognosis
Manifestations: Testicular Cancer - ---Answers----
Manifestations:
1. First sign: Slight enlargement of testicle with some degree of
discomfort
Others:
2. Ache in groin or abdomen
3. Scrotal heaviness
4. Gynecomastia
Late stages: More severe pain
What is the pathophysiology of gynecomastia?
- Happens if the tumour is capable of producing the hormone
beta HCG; it's a hormone that is produced by the placenta in
pregnancy
- Can contribute to large breasts in males
, Diagnostics: Testicular Cancer - ---Answers----Diagnosis :
- Early detection
- History & Physical
Tests:
- Ultrasound
- CT/MRI
Blood- tumour markers:
- Beta HCG
- AFP
- LDH: An enzyme that is found when there's damage to tissue;
not used as much to gauge response to treatment because it
can be elevated with tissue destruction almost anywhere in
the body
- Histology of tumour specimen
What are Tumor Markers? - ---Answers----Proteins or
antigens that are produced by malignant cells and can give us
information on the response to treatment
Treatment & Prognosis: Testicular Cancer - ---Answers----
Treatment:
1. Orchiectomy
- Removal of the testicle
VERIFIED COMPLETE CORRECT SOLUTIONS !!
Treatment & Prognosis: Colon Cancer - ---Answers----
Surgical removal:
- Colectomy; colon resection; colostomy
- Sometimes pre-surgery radiation
- Post-op chemotherapy
- Chemotherapy and radiation may be used for palliative
treatment
Prognosis depends on:
1. Stage
- If the tumour is caught in stage 1, the survival rate is 90-100%
- If the tumour is caught in later stages, higher rates of death
will show
- Overall, an average of 60% 5 year survival rate
2. Amount of bowel involved
3. Metastasis present at diagnosis
Testicular Cancer - ---Answers----- Most common cancer in
males 15-35y
- 5 year survival rate: >95% Highly curable
,- Etiology: unknown
Predisposing factors:
1. Cryptorchidism: undescended testes
- The higher the testes are, the greater the risk
- Testicles don't like to be in such a warm environment
- Refers to the testes
2. Genetics:
- Family clusters, no specific genes identifies as yet
- Disorders of testicular development
- Most common in Caucasians
Usually arise from germ cells (Cells from gonads):
Capable of:
- Differentiating into different cell types
- Secreting hormones including those from earlier stages of
development
May be classified as seminomas and non-seminomas based
on cell type and differentiation:
1. Seminomas: uniform cell type
,- Cells are fairly well specialized and look alike within the
sample
- Carries a better prognosis
2. Non-seminomas: more than one cell type, less differentiated
- Cells have more than 2 cell type, less differentiated and less
specialized and this type of tumour will contribute to a poor
prognosis
Manifestations: Testicular Cancer - ---Answers----
Manifestations:
1. First sign: Slight enlargement of testicle with some degree of
discomfort
Others:
2. Ache in groin or abdomen
3. Scrotal heaviness
4. Gynecomastia
Late stages: More severe pain
What is the pathophysiology of gynecomastia?
- Happens if the tumour is capable of producing the hormone
beta HCG; it's a hormone that is produced by the placenta in
pregnancy
- Can contribute to large breasts in males
, Diagnostics: Testicular Cancer - ---Answers----Diagnosis :
- Early detection
- History & Physical
Tests:
- Ultrasound
- CT/MRI
Blood- tumour markers:
- Beta HCG
- AFP
- LDH: An enzyme that is found when there's damage to tissue;
not used as much to gauge response to treatment because it
can be elevated with tissue destruction almost anywhere in
the body
- Histology of tumour specimen
What are Tumor Markers? - ---Answers----Proteins or
antigens that are produced by malignant cells and can give us
information on the response to treatment
Treatment & Prognosis: Testicular Cancer - ---Answers----
Treatment:
1. Orchiectomy
- Removal of the testicle
