NUR 210 EXAM 1 MATERIAL
PHARMACOLOGY PRINCIPLES EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Around the Clock Dosing (ATC) - Answer-used to create a 'steady state'
- usually take about 4 doses to achieve steady state
onset of action - Answer-LATENT period -> time it takes for the drug to elicit a
therapeutic response
peak effect - Answer-time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic
response
duration of action - Answer-time that drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a
"therapeutic response"
maximize therapeutic range - Answer-drug dosing goal?
3. Pharmacodynamic Phase - Answer-What the drug does TO the body
- drugs may increase, decrease, replace, inhibit, destroy, protect, irritate to create a
response
- drugs exert multiple rather than single effects on the body ( some desired some
not)
Example of drug exerting multiple rather than single effects on the body (desired or
not) - Answer-metaproterenol (Alupent)
- dilates bronchial passages - the MOA - the therapeutic effect
- it may also produce tracycardia or palpitations as adverse effects
pharmacodynamics: Receptor Theory of Drug Action - Answer-- receptors are
proteins located on surfaces of cell membranes
- special chemicals in the body that drugs interact with to produce effects (hormones,
neurotransmitter, other molecules)
- when drug molecules bind with receptor molecules --> resulting drug-receptor
which --> initiates physiochemical reactions that stimulate/activate OR inhibit normal
cellular function
-agonistic (stimulates)
- antagonistic ( inhibits)
Two types of receptors - Answer-- agonist
- antagonist
, agonist receptor - Answer-a drug that has the ability to initiate a desired therapeutic
effect by binding to a receptor
ex: isoproterenol (Isuprel) = beta adrenergic agonist -> it binds to beta receptors and
causes vasodilation
antagonist receptor - Answer-a drug that produces its action not by stimulating
receptors but by preventing other, natural substances from stimulating receptors
ex: ranitidine (Zantac) = H2 antagonist - blocks release of gastric acid
- diphenhydramine (Benadryl) = H1 antagonist - blocks action of histamine to
decrease allergic reaction
- propanol (Inderal) = beta adrenergic antagonist - blocks action of epinephrine (slow
HR)
note - Answer-when a receptor is blocked by a antagonist, the receptor cannot carry
out its normal function
drug responses do not always involve receptors - Answer-- some drugs act through
simple physical or chemical interactions with small molecules
ex: of receptor less drugs
- Antacids
- magnesium sulfate
antacids - Answer-receptor less drug
- neutralize gastric acidity by DIRECT chemical interactions with stomach acid
magnesium sulfate - Answer-receptor less drug
- is a powerful laxative that acts by retaining water in the intestinal lumen through an
osmotic effect
Adverse drug reactions (ADR) aka side effects - Answer-defined by the WHO as "
any noxious, unintended, and undesired effect that occurs at normal drug doses
- range from annoying (drowsiness, nausea, itching, rash) to life threatening
(respiratory depression, neutropenia, liver damage, hemorrhage, anaphylaxis)
- most common in elderly and very young
- patients over the age of 50 account for nearly 50% of all reactions
- also high risk in the very ill and pts receiving multiple drugs
- increase # of drugs = increase ADRs
mild ADRs - Answer-GI upset
drowsiness
pruritus
rash
severe ADRs - Answer-neutropenia (low WBC)
heptaocellular injury (liver damage)
cardiac dysrhythmias
anaphylaxis
PHARMACOLOGY PRINCIPLES EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Around the Clock Dosing (ATC) - Answer-used to create a 'steady state'
- usually take about 4 doses to achieve steady state
onset of action - Answer-LATENT period -> time it takes for the drug to elicit a
therapeutic response
peak effect - Answer-time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic
response
duration of action - Answer-time that drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a
"therapeutic response"
maximize therapeutic range - Answer-drug dosing goal?
3. Pharmacodynamic Phase - Answer-What the drug does TO the body
- drugs may increase, decrease, replace, inhibit, destroy, protect, irritate to create a
response
- drugs exert multiple rather than single effects on the body ( some desired some
not)
Example of drug exerting multiple rather than single effects on the body (desired or
not) - Answer-metaproterenol (Alupent)
- dilates bronchial passages - the MOA - the therapeutic effect
- it may also produce tracycardia or palpitations as adverse effects
pharmacodynamics: Receptor Theory of Drug Action - Answer-- receptors are
proteins located on surfaces of cell membranes
- special chemicals in the body that drugs interact with to produce effects (hormones,
neurotransmitter, other molecules)
- when drug molecules bind with receptor molecules --> resulting drug-receptor
which --> initiates physiochemical reactions that stimulate/activate OR inhibit normal
cellular function
-agonistic (stimulates)
- antagonistic ( inhibits)
Two types of receptors - Answer-- agonist
- antagonist
, agonist receptor - Answer-a drug that has the ability to initiate a desired therapeutic
effect by binding to a receptor
ex: isoproterenol (Isuprel) = beta adrenergic agonist -> it binds to beta receptors and
causes vasodilation
antagonist receptor - Answer-a drug that produces its action not by stimulating
receptors but by preventing other, natural substances from stimulating receptors
ex: ranitidine (Zantac) = H2 antagonist - blocks release of gastric acid
- diphenhydramine (Benadryl) = H1 antagonist - blocks action of histamine to
decrease allergic reaction
- propanol (Inderal) = beta adrenergic antagonist - blocks action of epinephrine (slow
HR)
note - Answer-when a receptor is blocked by a antagonist, the receptor cannot carry
out its normal function
drug responses do not always involve receptors - Answer-- some drugs act through
simple physical or chemical interactions with small molecules
ex: of receptor less drugs
- Antacids
- magnesium sulfate
antacids - Answer-receptor less drug
- neutralize gastric acidity by DIRECT chemical interactions with stomach acid
magnesium sulfate - Answer-receptor less drug
- is a powerful laxative that acts by retaining water in the intestinal lumen through an
osmotic effect
Adverse drug reactions (ADR) aka side effects - Answer-defined by the WHO as "
any noxious, unintended, and undesired effect that occurs at normal drug doses
- range from annoying (drowsiness, nausea, itching, rash) to life threatening
(respiratory depression, neutropenia, liver damage, hemorrhage, anaphylaxis)
- most common in elderly and very young
- patients over the age of 50 account for nearly 50% of all reactions
- also high risk in the very ill and pts receiving multiple drugs
- increase # of drugs = increase ADRs
mild ADRs - Answer-GI upset
drowsiness
pruritus
rash
severe ADRs - Answer-neutropenia (low WBC)
heptaocellular injury (liver damage)
cardiac dysrhythmias
anaphylaxis
