Pathophysiology Blueprint Exam 1
( Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 14)
This is only a guide. Know all readings from book, PowerPoint slides and material covered in class.
60 questions
Chapter 5 Inflammation and Healing:
1. Explain the role of normal defenses in preventing disease.
- First line of defense: non specific, mechanical barrier, unbroken skin and mucous
membranes, secretions such as tears and gastric juices.
- Second line of defense: non specific, phagocytosis: engulf invaders like pac-man
(neutrophils: 1st responder, macrophages: patrol/engulf invaders, interferons: helps
protect cells against viral bodies), inflammation limits the effects of injury or invaders
- Third line of defense: immune system, specific defense, production of specific
antibodies or cell-mediated immunity (remembers invaders)
2. Compare normal capillary exchange with exchange during the inflammatory response.
Normal capillary exchange
1. blood flow
2. normal fluid shift
3. cells remain in blood
Inflammatory response
1. injury
2. cells release chemical mediators
3. vasodilation- increased blood flow
4. increased capillary permeability
5. leukocytes move to site of injury
6. phagocytosis- removal of debris in preparation for healing
4. Describe the local and systemic effects of inflammation.
Local:
*redness= bc increased blood flow into the damaged area
*swelling= cause by the shift of protein and fluid into the interstitial space
*pain= increased pressure of fluid on the nerve, especially in enclosed areas, and by
the local irritation of nerves by chemical mediators such as bradykinins
Systemic Effects:
fever, malaise, fatigue, headache, and anorexia
, 5. Explain the effects of chronic inflammation
may develop following an acute episode of inflammation when the causes is not completely eradicated.
characteristics include less swelling and exudate but the presence of more lymphocytes, macrophages
and connective tissue. More collagen is produced resulting to more fibrous scar tissue to become
formed.
.
6. Describe the types of healing.
Healing Process
1. blood clot forms, seals area
2. inflammation devlops in surrounding area
3. within 3-4 days, phagocytes remove foreign material and cell debris
4. granulation tissue grows—fibroblasts and vascular endotheliel cells
Very vascular
Moist, pink
Fragile
5. Epithelial cells undergo mitosis, extend across wound from edge inward
6. Collagen produced
fibroblasts and macrophages produce collagen and growth factors
7. New blood vessels grow (angiogenesis)
8. Collagen fibers cross link and shorten, forming a scar
9. Scar forms
**WAYS TO REMEMBER**
BRYAN IS WEIGHING GRAPES -while- VICTOR MAKES FOOD EATING CHEESE N
COTTAGE STRINGS
Factors affecting healing
GOOD HEALING:
1) youth
2) good nutrition, protein vitamin A and C
3) Adequate hemoglobin
4) Effective circulation
( Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 14)
This is only a guide. Know all readings from book, PowerPoint slides and material covered in class.
60 questions
Chapter 5 Inflammation and Healing:
1. Explain the role of normal defenses in preventing disease.
- First line of defense: non specific, mechanical barrier, unbroken skin and mucous
membranes, secretions such as tears and gastric juices.
- Second line of defense: non specific, phagocytosis: engulf invaders like pac-man
(neutrophils: 1st responder, macrophages: patrol/engulf invaders, interferons: helps
protect cells against viral bodies), inflammation limits the effects of injury or invaders
- Third line of defense: immune system, specific defense, production of specific
antibodies or cell-mediated immunity (remembers invaders)
2. Compare normal capillary exchange with exchange during the inflammatory response.
Normal capillary exchange
1. blood flow
2. normal fluid shift
3. cells remain in blood
Inflammatory response
1. injury
2. cells release chemical mediators
3. vasodilation- increased blood flow
4. increased capillary permeability
5. leukocytes move to site of injury
6. phagocytosis- removal of debris in preparation for healing
4. Describe the local and systemic effects of inflammation.
Local:
*redness= bc increased blood flow into the damaged area
*swelling= cause by the shift of protein and fluid into the interstitial space
*pain= increased pressure of fluid on the nerve, especially in enclosed areas, and by
the local irritation of nerves by chemical mediators such as bradykinins
Systemic Effects:
fever, malaise, fatigue, headache, and anorexia
, 5. Explain the effects of chronic inflammation
may develop following an acute episode of inflammation when the causes is not completely eradicated.
characteristics include less swelling and exudate but the presence of more lymphocytes, macrophages
and connective tissue. More collagen is produced resulting to more fibrous scar tissue to become
formed.
.
6. Describe the types of healing.
Healing Process
1. blood clot forms, seals area
2. inflammation devlops in surrounding area
3. within 3-4 days, phagocytes remove foreign material and cell debris
4. granulation tissue grows—fibroblasts and vascular endotheliel cells
Very vascular
Moist, pink
Fragile
5. Epithelial cells undergo mitosis, extend across wound from edge inward
6. Collagen produced
fibroblasts and macrophages produce collagen and growth factors
7. New blood vessels grow (angiogenesis)
8. Collagen fibers cross link and shorten, forming a scar
9. Scar forms
**WAYS TO REMEMBER**
BRYAN IS WEIGHING GRAPES -while- VICTOR MAKES FOOD EATING CHEESE N
COTTAGE STRINGS
Factors affecting healing
GOOD HEALING:
1) youth
2) good nutrition, protein vitamin A and C
3) Adequate hemoglobin
4) Effective circulation
