Pathophysiology Exam 2 Blueprint- Updated One
Chapter 10 Blood and Circulatory System Disorders
While there are no direct questions from this chapter there are inferences to the material within
the cardiac questions.
You will have to know and understand the material in this chapter to answer some of the cardiac
questions.
Chapter 11 Lymphatic System Disorders
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Initially involves a single lymph node
Cancer spreads to adjacent nodes
To organs via lymphatics
T lymphocytes seem to be defective; lymphocyte count decreased
Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
Giant cells present in lymph node
Four subtypes
Based on cell found at biopsy
Signs and symptoms -
First indicator - usually a painless enlarged lymph node
Later – splenomegaly
General signs of cancer (weight loss, anemia, low-grade fever, night sweats, fatigue)
Treatment - radiation, chemo, surgery
Staging and prognosis is dependent on – number of nodes involved and location of the nodes
Non-hodgkin's lymphoma
Increasing in incidence
- Partially caused by HIV infection
Similar to Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- Clinical signs and symptoms are similar.
- More difficult to treat when tumors are not localized
Initial manifestation—enlarged, painless lymph node
Multiple myeloma - neoplastic disease that involves increased production of plasma cells in
bone marrow
Professors friend had Multiple myeloma of the skull
, Function
Return of excess interstitial fluid to the cardiovascular system
Vessels empty into the subclavian veins.
Filter and destroy foreign material
Initiate the immune response
Absorb lipids from the GI tract
Lymph
Clear, watery, isotonic fluid
Circulates in lymphatic vessels
Resembles blood plasma, with a lower protein content
Returned to the cardiovascular system
Very general questions directly from the PowerPoints
Chapter 12 Cardiovascular System Disorder
1. Describe the common diagnostic tests for cardiovascular function. (Rania)
Diagnostic Tests for Description:
Cardiovascular Function:
Electrocardiography (ECG, An ECG is useful in the initial diagnosis and monitoring of arrhythmias,
EKG) myocardial infarction, infection, and pericarditis.
The rate, rhythm, and characteristics of the contractions can be recorded by
the machine.
It is a noninvasive procedure and can illustrate the conduction activity of the
heart as well as the effects of systemic abnormalities such as serum
electrolyte imbalance.
Attaching electrodes to the chest and limbs of a patient, the conduction
system of the heart can be assessed.
An individual may wear a portable Holter monitor to record ECG changes
while he or she pursues daily activities.
A log of activities is usually maintained to match with the changes in ECG.
A normal baseline ECG recording is recommended for everyone; it can be
used for comparison if cardiovascular disease ever develops.
Auscultation Listening for heart sounds with a stethoscope.
The heart sounds, “lubb-dupp,” which can be heard with a stethoscope
(referred to as mediate auscultation) result from vibrations due to closure of
the valves. Closure of the AV valves at the beginning of ventricular systole
causes a long, low “lubb” sound, followed by a “dupp” sound as the
semilunar valves close with ventricular diastole. Defective valves that leak
, or do not open completely cause unusual turbulence in the blood flow,
resulting in abnormal sounds, or murmurs.
Echocardiography Ultrasound (or reflected sound waves) is used to record the image of the
heart and valve movements
Measures the efficiency of heart valves and heart function
Exercise stress tests (bicycle, Assessing general cardiovascular function and checking for
step, or treadmill) exercise-induced problems such as arrhythmias.
Chest x-ray films Show the shape and size of the heart, as well as any evidence of pulmonary
congestion associated with heart failure.
Cardiac catheterization Passing a catheter through an appropriate blood vessel, usually a large vein
in the leg, into the ventricle—may also be utilized to visualize the inside of
the heart, measure pressures, and assess valve and heart function.
Determination of central venous pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge
pressure, which indicate blood flow to and from the heart, can be made with
a catheter. After contrast dye is injected into the ventricle, fluoroscopy can
monitor blood movement continuously and check for abnormalities.
Angiography Type of X-ray used to check blood vessels
Blood flow in the coronary arteries can be visualized with coronary
angiography
Doppler studies Blood flow in the peripheral vessels can be assessed.
A microphone that records the sounds of blood flow or obstruction is placed
over the blood vessel.
Blood tests Assess serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels and the levels of sodium,
potassium, calcium, and other electrolytes. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, blood
cell counts, and the differential count for white cells are also routine aspects
of blood tests.
Arterial blood gas Essential to check the current oxygen level and acid-base balance in patients
determination with shock or myocardial infarction.
Teaching Teachings about diet, exercise, and cessation of smoking is important in
decreasing the risk of coronary disease
2. Describe the dietary and lifestyle changes, and the common drug groups used, in the
treatment of cardiovascular disease. (Rania)
- Dietary modifications usually include reducing total fat intake and intake of saturated
(hydrogenated or animal) fat as well as “trans” fats, which are commercially
Chapter 10 Blood and Circulatory System Disorders
While there are no direct questions from this chapter there are inferences to the material within
the cardiac questions.
You will have to know and understand the material in this chapter to answer some of the cardiac
questions.
Chapter 11 Lymphatic System Disorders
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Initially involves a single lymph node
Cancer spreads to adjacent nodes
To organs via lymphatics
T lymphocytes seem to be defective; lymphocyte count decreased
Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
Giant cells present in lymph node
Four subtypes
Based on cell found at biopsy
Signs and symptoms -
First indicator - usually a painless enlarged lymph node
Later – splenomegaly
General signs of cancer (weight loss, anemia, low-grade fever, night sweats, fatigue)
Treatment - radiation, chemo, surgery
Staging and prognosis is dependent on – number of nodes involved and location of the nodes
Non-hodgkin's lymphoma
Increasing in incidence
- Partially caused by HIV infection
Similar to Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- Clinical signs and symptoms are similar.
- More difficult to treat when tumors are not localized
Initial manifestation—enlarged, painless lymph node
Multiple myeloma - neoplastic disease that involves increased production of plasma cells in
bone marrow
Professors friend had Multiple myeloma of the skull
, Function
Return of excess interstitial fluid to the cardiovascular system
Vessels empty into the subclavian veins.
Filter and destroy foreign material
Initiate the immune response
Absorb lipids from the GI tract
Lymph
Clear, watery, isotonic fluid
Circulates in lymphatic vessels
Resembles blood plasma, with a lower protein content
Returned to the cardiovascular system
Very general questions directly from the PowerPoints
Chapter 12 Cardiovascular System Disorder
1. Describe the common diagnostic tests for cardiovascular function. (Rania)
Diagnostic Tests for Description:
Cardiovascular Function:
Electrocardiography (ECG, An ECG is useful in the initial diagnosis and monitoring of arrhythmias,
EKG) myocardial infarction, infection, and pericarditis.
The rate, rhythm, and characteristics of the contractions can be recorded by
the machine.
It is a noninvasive procedure and can illustrate the conduction activity of the
heart as well as the effects of systemic abnormalities such as serum
electrolyte imbalance.
Attaching electrodes to the chest and limbs of a patient, the conduction
system of the heart can be assessed.
An individual may wear a portable Holter monitor to record ECG changes
while he or she pursues daily activities.
A log of activities is usually maintained to match with the changes in ECG.
A normal baseline ECG recording is recommended for everyone; it can be
used for comparison if cardiovascular disease ever develops.
Auscultation Listening for heart sounds with a stethoscope.
The heart sounds, “lubb-dupp,” which can be heard with a stethoscope
(referred to as mediate auscultation) result from vibrations due to closure of
the valves. Closure of the AV valves at the beginning of ventricular systole
causes a long, low “lubb” sound, followed by a “dupp” sound as the
semilunar valves close with ventricular diastole. Defective valves that leak
, or do not open completely cause unusual turbulence in the blood flow,
resulting in abnormal sounds, or murmurs.
Echocardiography Ultrasound (or reflected sound waves) is used to record the image of the
heart and valve movements
Measures the efficiency of heart valves and heart function
Exercise stress tests (bicycle, Assessing general cardiovascular function and checking for
step, or treadmill) exercise-induced problems such as arrhythmias.
Chest x-ray films Show the shape and size of the heart, as well as any evidence of pulmonary
congestion associated with heart failure.
Cardiac catheterization Passing a catheter through an appropriate blood vessel, usually a large vein
in the leg, into the ventricle—may also be utilized to visualize the inside of
the heart, measure pressures, and assess valve and heart function.
Determination of central venous pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge
pressure, which indicate blood flow to and from the heart, can be made with
a catheter. After contrast dye is injected into the ventricle, fluoroscopy can
monitor blood movement continuously and check for abnormalities.
Angiography Type of X-ray used to check blood vessels
Blood flow in the coronary arteries can be visualized with coronary
angiography
Doppler studies Blood flow in the peripheral vessels can be assessed.
A microphone that records the sounds of blood flow or obstruction is placed
over the blood vessel.
Blood tests Assess serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels and the levels of sodium,
potassium, calcium, and other electrolytes. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, blood
cell counts, and the differential count for white cells are also routine aspects
of blood tests.
Arterial blood gas Essential to check the current oxygen level and acid-base balance in patients
determination with shock or myocardial infarction.
Teaching Teachings about diet, exercise, and cessation of smoking is important in
decreasing the risk of coronary disease
2. Describe the dietary and lifestyle changes, and the common drug groups used, in the
treatment of cardiovascular disease. (Rania)
- Dietary modifications usually include reducing total fat intake and intake of saturated
(hydrogenated or animal) fat as well as “trans” fats, which are commercially
